Exam (elaborations)
Bio 344 Exam 1 Questions answers latest update
- Course
- Bio 344
- Institution
- University Of Texas - Austin
Bio 344 Exam 1 Questions answers latest update
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Bio 344 Exam 1Molecular Biology - born in the middle part of the 19th century as a new discipline
focused on understanding the molecular basis of the most fundamental of life
processes - those involving the reproduction and expression of genetic
information.
-study of gene structure and function at the molecular level.
modern framework of molecular biology, Central Dogma - DNA->transcribed-
>PRERNA->processed->RNA->translated-> Proteins
DNA->replicated&repaired->DNA
*folding assembly processesing
What was the first informational macromolecule? - RNA- the only currently used
macromolecule that is both a carrier of genetic information and an enzyme.
The "RNA World" - hypothesis posits that there was a stage early in the evolution
of life that was dominated by RNA. Moreover, the functions of RNA in modern
cells are only remnants of its previous roles.
Possible remnants of the RNA World: - 1. Self-splicing introns
2. Rnase P (ribozyme that cleaves tRNA precursors)
3. Self-cleaving viral RNAs
,4. Peptidyl transferase in the ribosome
5. Nucleotides (ribo) involved in:
- metabolism (e.g., ATP, UTP, NADH, NADPH) - signaling (cAMP, cGMP, GTP, ITP) -
assembly of complexes (GTP and ATP)
- Energy for motility, ion pumping, etc. (ATP, GTP)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
is the genetic material - - Stores genetic information in the form of a code: a linear
sequence of nucleotides.
- Replicated by copying the strands using each as a template for the production of
the complementary strand.
Nucleosides (of DNA) - Precursors to Nucleotides
The 4 Nucleotides of DNA - Nucleoside = base + sugar
Sugar = deoxyribose; 5 carbons, no OH on the 2nd (or 2') carbon; base is attached
to carbon 1
2'-deoxyadenosine 5' triphosphate, 2'-deoxyguanosine 5' triphosphate, thymidine
5' triphosphate, 2'-deoxycytodine 5' triphosphate
Molecular Differences between Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) & 2-deoxy-ribonucleic acid
(DNA). - Ribose replaces deoxyribose; uracil replaces thymine
AMP is a ribonucleotide, dAMP is a deoxyribonucleotide
, In DNA and RNA, nucleotides are held together by ? bonds - phosphodiester. Fig
2.10
Higher Order RNA Structure - Stem-loops are common elements of RNA structure.
Stems are double- stranded regions of RNA that are A-form helices. They follow
Watson-Crick base pairing rules.
Secondary and Tertiary forms.
DNA is typically a B-form helix
DNA exists in 3 forms - Residues/turn.
Clockwise turn
11 10
Anti-clockwise turn
12
FIG. 2.16
Double-stranded (DS) DNA statistics (B-form) - 1. Helix is right handed
2. 10 base-pairs/turn
3. 3.4 nm (34 angstroms)/turn
4. Helix has a major groove and a minor groove.
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