Exam (elaborations)
BIO 344 Exam 3 Study Cards Questions answers latest update
- Course
- Bio 344
- Institution
- University Of Texas - Austin
BIO 344 Exam 3 Study Cards Questions answers latest update
[Show more]
Content preview
BIO 344 Exam 3 Study CardsWhat is a signaling pathway?
chain of events including second messengers, enzymes and activated proteins
that follow ligand binding to a receptor
Why do cells have signaling pathways?
Cells have signaling pathways to survive, to divide, to differentiate, and to die.
What is the difference between a cell surface and an intracellular receptor? How
do the signals for these two types of receptors differ?
The difference between a cell surface and an intracellular receptor is that a cell
surface receptor is involved in extracellular signaling and is in the cell membrane
and an intracellular receptor is inside of the cell. Extracellular signaling molecules
are small, hydrophobic molecules, where as intracellular signaling molecules are
small and hydrophilic.
What are the 4 forms of intercellular signaling?
The 4 forms of intercellular signaling are contact-dependent, paracrine, synaptic,
and endocrine signaling.
What is autocrine signaling? Why do cells use it when deciding to differentiate(I.e.
change cell type)?
Autocrine signaling is a subunit of paracrine signaling. It involves a group of cells
that release a signaling molecule and put there receptor out at the same time to
determine a community decision. Cells use it when deciding to differentiate
because depending on the signaling molecule, the ones who have that receptor
can all differentiate at the same time.
What is a hormone?
, A hormone is a chemical messenger.
What determines if a cell survives, divides, differentiates, or dies?
A signaling molecule such as survival factors, growth factors(mitogens),
differential factors, and no signal molecules for when a cell dies.
Does acetylcholine always cause the same changes in different cells? Describe
some of the effect acetylcholine can cause in different cells.
Acetylcholine does not always cause the same changes in different cells. It can
cause saliva to be released from salivary cells, skeletal muscle contractions, and
relax the cardiac muscle cells.
What is nitric oxide? What role does it play in signaling pathways? What is it
made from?
Nitric oxide is a small, polar molecule that caused the vasodilation of a blood
vessel. Its role is to be an intracellular signaling molecule for a receptor in the
smooth muscle cell. It is made from arginine.
Describe the signaling process involving nitric oxide from a nerve cell to
vasodilation.
In the endothelial cells of the blood vessels, once Ach is released from the axon
terminal into the neuromuscular junction and is detected, arginine will make NO.
NO will then diffuse to the smooth muscle cells, where it will bind to aa receptor
in the cytosol which causes relaxation of the smooth muscle cell. Effectively
vasodilating the blood vessel.
What are nuclear receptors?
Nuclear receptors are ligand-regulated transcription factors that are activated by
steroid hormones.
What types of ligands do they bind?
Some ligands that they bind are estradiol, cortisol, estriol, testosterone.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Schoolflix. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53920 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now