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APES Units 1 - 4 Flashcards Questions and Answers
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APES Units 1 - 4 Flashcards Questions and Answers Ecology - Study of living (biotic) organisms and their interactions with non-living (abiotic) environment - used by Ernst Haeckel in the 1800s Ecology Levels of Organization Organism - just a species Population - group of the same specie...

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  • December 5, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • apes units 1 4 flashcards questions and answers
  • ecology study of living biotic organisms and t
  • ecology levels of organization organism just a s

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APES Units 1 - 4 Flashcards Questions
and Answers
Ecology - answer - Study of living (biotic) organisms and their interactions with non-
living (abiotic) environment
- used by Ernst Haeckel in the 1800s

Ecology Levels of Organization - answer Organism - just a species
Population - group of the same species
Community - group of a population
Ecosystem - group of communities interacting together
Biosphere - group of ecosystems

Easter Island - answer - lots of erosion due to a lack of rocks --> earth moves
towards ocean = loses nutrients
- overpopulated (100 now) w/ few resources --> 100 years war
- burn trash = air pollution
- deforestation
- moved the statues with logs

Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem - answer - 2nd largest wetland ecosystem
1. Potomac River - freshwater w/ low salt concentrations
2. Estuary - salt water meets freshwater = brackish water
3. Atlantic Ocean - salt water w/ 3.5% high salinity

Potential vs. Kinetic Energy - answer Potential : stored energy
Kinetic : energy in motion

1st Law of Thermodynamics - answer - energy cannot be destroyed/created
- can only change its form

2nd Law of Thermodynamics - answer - reactions aren't 100% efficient --> loses
energy (released in heat)
- increased entropy (disorder), so you must put in more energy

Gaia Hypothesis - answer - James Lovelock published it in a paper
- all organisms and non-living factors on Earth are connected
- globe is self-regulating and tries to reach homeostasis (stability and balance)

Reasons Why it is Harmful to Remove Predators - answer - nothing for decomposers
to break down
- decrease in vegetation
- no more leftover carrion to feed scavengers

,- imbalance in food web
- can't control lower populations
- increase in soil erosion/ compaction

Producers - answer Phototrophs
- use sunlight to produce sugar - glucose (photosynthesis)
- ex/ plants, algae (photoplankton), bacteria
Chemotrophs
- use hydrogen sulfide to produce sugars (chemosynthesis)
- ex/ bacteria

Decomposers (Saprotrophs) - answer - feed on dead organic carbon matter in the
soil
- releases nutrients
- ex/ fungi & bacteria

Consumers (Heterotrophs) - answer - break down stored sugars (aerobic respiration)
- primary consumers
- secondary consumers
- tertiary consumers

10 % Rule - answer only 10% of the energy at one level is transferred to the next
level (90% is lost as heat)

Bottleneck Causes & Effects - answer Causes
- mass hunting
- natural causes
- loss of food source/habitat
Effects
-extinction

Ecotone - answer transitional zone where two or more communities meet
- lots of species
- interidal zones

Species Diversity Factors - answer - habitat stress
- available niches
- dominance of species
- geological history

Primary Succession - answer - starts with new land
1. lichens
2. small shrubs and mosses
3. young pine trees
4. mature hardwood and deciduous forests

, Secondary Succession - answer - starts with already formed land that has been
disturbed by fires, storms, or mankind

Competitive Exclusion - answer two species with the same requirements cannot live
in the same niche (Gause's Law)

Keystone Species - answer key members for conservation of an ecosystem

Predator Strageties - answer structural (natural weapons) and ambush

Prey Strageties - answer structural (defense) and mimicry (batesian/mullerian)

Mutualism - answer both species benefit

Commensalism - answer one organism benefits, the other is neutral

Parasitism - answer parasite benefits, host loses

Intraspecific vs. Interspecific Competition - answer intraspecific: between same
species
interspecific: between different species

ANWR Debate - answer to drill or not to drill the alaskan oil that comes from Prudhoe
Bay in the north (tundra)

Formula for Population Density - answer # of individual of a species / unit of area

More Crowd Leads to... - answer - spread of disease
- competition
- lack of jobs (niches)
- lack of natural resources

Populations Change in Size is dependent on... - answer - birth rate
- death rate
- immigration
- emigration

Formula for Doubling Time - answer 70 / r (%)

Population Momentum - answer population growth that occurs even if levels of
childbearing immediately decline to replacement level (older peeps still have babies)

Formula for Growth Rate - answer [(birth rate + immigration) - (death rate +
emigration)] / total population

Formula for Future Population - answer Population x 1.(growth rate)^time

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