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OSSF – Cardiology: Questions With Solutions
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OSSF – Cardiology: Questions With Solutions
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OSSF – Cardiology: Questions With SolutionsCardiac output = Right Ans - heart rate x stroke volume
Which are the 2 most notorious organs for disproportion of mass vs. blood
supply? Right Ans - Heart and kidneys
Name the valves in the heart, and where they are located.
What makes them open and close? Right Ans - - AV valves: Tricuspid
(between R atrium and R ventricle), bicuspid (between L atrium and L
ventricle).
- Pulmonary valve: R ventricle to pulmonary arteries.
- Aortic valve: L ventricle to aorta.
* They open and close according to pressure differentials in the areas on both
sides.
What is retrograde flow, and how is it prevented? Right Ans - Retrograde
flow is backwards flow of the blood, from ventricle to atria for example. It is
prevented by closure of valves.
What is blood vessel elasticity good for? Right Ans - Change in vessel
diameter while holding firmness, preventing collapse or burst.
Which blood vessel types contain smooth muscle?
What does smooth muscle in blood vessels control?
How is the muscle controlled? Right Ans - Arterioles, veins.
Blood pressure (by vasoconstriction or vasodilation).
Controlled by hormones and neuronal input.
What types of tissue are capillaries comprised of?
What advantage does it provide? Right Ans - Single layer of endothelial
cells.
The advantage is for transfer of different substances in and out of the
capillaries.
Which blood vessel type controls the blood pressure through capillaries?
Right Ans - Arterioles - contain smooth muscle which allows control of blood
vessel width and blood pressure.
, Where is blood flow velocity the lowest? What is it good for? Right Ans -
Capillaries. Allows ample time for transfer of substances from and into cells.
Where is the largest reservoir of blood (blood volume)? Right Ans - In the
veins.
Is the relationship between area and blood volume of blood vessels
straight/opposite/uncorrelated? Example: capillaries. Right Ans -
Uncorrelated.
Why is the pressure in capillaries relatively low? Right Ans - High pressure
would lead to destruction of capillaries because they are so thin.
Where is the greatest drop in blood pressure? What is the advantage in that?
Right Ans - In arterioles. They have a huge role in blood pressure and flow,
because they can control their diameter (systemic circulation, not
pulmonary).
Why is the pressure in the pulmonary circuit lower than in the systemic
circuit? Right Ans - To allow exchange of respiratory gasses.
What are the two shunts in the fetal cardiac system? Right Ans - Foramen
ovale - R atrium to L atrium.
Ductus arteriosus - pulmonary artery to the aorta.
What is the third shunt in the fetus? Where is it located? Why is it needed?
Right Ans - Ductus venosus - bypasses fetal liver.
Important for fetal brain development: .directing more oxygenated blood to
the developing brain.
Why does the heart need a relatively high percent of oxygenated blood? What
is the percentage? Right Ans - Because myocardium has a very limited
ability for anaerobic metabolism.
70% of oxygen passing through the capillaries is extracted (compared to 25%
in the rest of the body).
What are the phases of blood flow/pressure in the heart? Right Ans -
Systole: contraction of heart muscle - coronary blood flow decreases.
Coronary arteries are compressed.
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