Exam (elaborations)
NURS 517 Unit 8-11 Questions answers latest update
- Course
- NURS 517
- Institution
- University Of Hawaii - Manoa
NURS 517 Unit 8-11 Questions answers latest update
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NURS 517 Unit 8-11Functions of gut bacterial micro biome - - produce enzymes that facilitate
digestion
- produce antibacterial factors that prevent pathogenic microorganisms from
colonizing
- produce usable metabolites (vitamin K, B vitamins)
4 stages of bacterial infection - 1) Incubation - initial exposure to onset of sx
2) Prodromal - initial sx, mild discomfort/fatigue
3) Invasion - multiplying rapidly - immune/inflammatory response
4) Convalescence - fatality, sx decline or latency
Pyrogens (exogenous vs endogenous) - Agents that produce fever
Exogenous - pathogen produces
Endogenous - internal cell response
Biofilms - Mixed species of micro-organisms immersed in an extra cellular matrix
Bacteria cell makeup - Prokaryotic unicellular micro-organisms
No nuclei, mitochondria or membrane bound organelles
,Bacterial adherence - Survival mechanism - surface receptors bind micro-
organism to host cells to prevent removal from forces like coughing
Biofilms as survival mechanism - Trap components of hosts defenses and
antibiotics - contributes to genetic exchange that causes antibiotic resistance
Pili (Fimbriae) - Bacteria Survival mechanism - rodlike projections that adher to
cells and contribute to biofilms
Flagella (+ adhesins) - Bacteria "tail" - used for motion
Adhesins allow flagella to adhere to specific sites
Exotoxins - Proteins released during bacteria growth that damage connective
tissues/cells
Endotoxins - Proteins released during lysis of bacteria - cause vasodilation and
activate coagulation cascade
Can lead to septic shock
Invasins - Bacterial enzymes that promote infection
Eg: proteases that weaken surrounding tissues or digest immune components
(immunoglobulins/cytokines)
,Gram Positive + cell wall makeup - Bacteria that retain crystal violet dye due to
thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram Negative + cell wall makeup - Bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye
Thin peptidoglycan layer with thick lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coat in outer
membrane
Endotoxin in gram negative bacteria - Lipopolysaccharide coat (LPS)
What does crystal violet dye attach to? - Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
Ways that bacteria evade the hosts immune/inflammatory system? - - rapid
division
- antiphagocytic capsules
- antigenic variation (ability to alter surface antigens targeted by immune
response)
- endotoxins (neutralize antibodies or immune molecules)
Fungi cell type - Eukaryotic microorganisms with thick, rigid cell walls made of
polysaccharides
What are bacteria antiphagocytic capsules made of? - Polysaccharide
, Why are many anti fungal drugs toxic to host? - Fungal cells are similar to human
cells (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nuclei....etc)
Mycosis - Infection with fungus
What is the usual risk factor of systemic mycosis? - Immune suppression
Community infection control measures - - sewage removal
- water treatment
- insect management programs
What are antibiotics made from? - Natural products of fungi/bacteria that
kill/inhibit growth of other microorganisms
Bactericidal vs bacteriostatic drugs - Bactericidal - kill the organism
Bacteriostatic - inhibit growth until person's protective mechanisms kill it
4 MOA of antibiotics - 1) inhibition of production/function of the cell wall
2) prevention of protein synthesis
3) Block DNA replication
4) interfere with folic acid metabolism
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