FOUNDATIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE
8TH EDITION
MICHELLE MORRISON-VALFRE
CHAPTER NO 01: THE HISTORY OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Q-1. The belief of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato that the rational soul controlled the
irrational soul could be compared with the belief of the more recent psychological theorist:
a. Freud.
b. Pinel.
c. Fisher.
d. Rush.
ANS: A
Sigmund Freud believed that mental illness was, in part, caused by forces both within and outside the
personality. Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of mentally ill individuals as human beings in need
of medical assistance. Alice Fisher was a Florence Nightingale nurse who cared for the mentally ill,
and Dr. Benjamin Rush was the author of the book Diseases of the Mind.
DIF: Cognitive Level: ComprehensionOBJ: 2
TOP: Early Years of Mental Health KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
Q-2. During the mid-1500s, behaviors associated with mental illness were more
accurately recorded by professionals. This practice led to ______________ for different abnormal
behaviors.
a. classifications
b. diagnosing
c. treatment
d. education
ANS: A
,Classification of abnormal behaviors did not begin until this time, after the practice of more accurate
recording of behaviors was begun. Diagnoses, treatment guidelines, and any education regarding
mental health disorders were not available during this period.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 3
TOP: Mental Illness During the Renaissance
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
Q-3. During the latter part of the 18th century, psychiatry became a separate
branch of medicine, and inhumane treatment was greatly diminished by the French hospital director:
a. Dix.
b. Beers.
c. Pinel.
d. Carter.
ANS: C
Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of the mentally ill, as well as proper treatment. Dorothea Dix
crusaded for construction of mental health hospitals. Clifford Beers wrote the book A Mind That
Found Itself. President Jimmy Carter established the President’s Commission on Mental Health in
1978.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
TOP: Mental Illness in the 18th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
Q-4. In 1841, _______________ surveyed asylums, jails, and almshouses
throughout the United States, Canada, and Scotland and is credited with bringing about public
awareness and reform for the care of the mentally ill.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. John Cade
c. Florence Nightingale
d. Dorothea Dix
ANS: D
Dorothea Dix spent 20 years surveying facilities that housed mentally ill individuals and is credited
with major changes in the care of the mentally ill. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of psycho-
,analysis, John Cade discovered lithium carbonate for the treatment of bipolar disorder, and Florence
Nightingale trained nurses in England in the 1800s.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
TOP: Mental Illness in the 19th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
Q-5. As a direct result of Clifford Beers’ work and book, A Mind That Found Itself,
the Committee for Mental Hygiene was formed in 1909 with a focus on prevention of mental illness
and:
a. early detection of symptoms of mental illness.
b. education of caregivers.
c. current treatment options.
d. removing the stigma attached to mental illness.
ANS: D
Clifford Beers’ book reflected on his attempt at suicide followed by the deplorable care he received
for the next 3 years in mental hospitals. Beers’ work and book raised the consciousness of people
throughout the country regarding prevention and removal of the stigma of having a mental illness.
Early detection of symptoms, education of caregivers, and current treatment options regarding men-
tal illness were not the focus of his book, nor were they a priority for the Committee for Mental Hy-
giene.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 4
TOP: Mental Illness in the 20th Century KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
Q-6. During the 1930s, what common treatment for schizophrenia caused clients
to fall into a coma that could last as long as 50 hours?
a. Electroconvulsive therapy
b. Insulin therapy
c. Humoral therapy
d. Amphetamine therapy
ANS: B
, Insulin therapy was believed to successfully treat schizophrenia in the early 1900s. Amphetamines
were used to treat depression, and electroconvulsive therapy was used for severe depression. Hu-
moral therapy, which originated in ancient Greece and Rome, was a belief that mental illness resulted
from an imbalance of the humors of air, fire, water, and earth.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
Q-7. In the 1930s, what mental health disorder was electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT) most often used to treat?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Bipolar disorder
c. Severe depression
d. Violent behavior
ANS: C
ECT was found to be an effective treatment for severe depression in the 1930s. During this period,
schizophrenia was treated with insulin therapy, and violent behavior was treated with a lobotomy. In
1949, lithium carbonate was discovered as a treatment for bipolar disorder.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
Q-8. In the early 20th century, a frontal lobotomy was a common treatment for
violent behaviors. Which description of this procedure is accurate?
a. A procedure that delivers an electrical stimulus to the frontal lobes of the brain.
b. A surgical procedure that drills holes in the front of the skull to drain fluid.
c. A surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the thalamus.
d. A surgical procedure that inserts implants into the frontal lobes of the brain.
ANS: C
A frontal lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from
the thalamus.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge OBJ: 5
TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
