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NURS617/ NURS 617 EXAM 1: (NEW 2024/ 2025
UPDATE) PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS | QS & AS| GRADE A|
100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Which of the following is a form of metaplasia that can occur in the human body?
a. Epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced with collagenous connective
tissue.
b. Adipose cells are replaced by cells that cannot store lipids.
c. Squamous epithelial cells of the oesophageal lining are replaced by glandular
cells similar to those lining the stomach.
d. Liver cells are replaced by squamous epithelial cells. - ANS ✓c. Squamous
epithelial cells of the oesophageal lining are replaced by glandular cells similar to
those lining the stomach.
Free radicals directly injure cells by each of the following mechanisms except:
a. DNA fragmentation.
b. lipid peroxidation.
c. activation of lysosomal enzymes.
d. alteration of proteins. - ANS ✓c. activation of lysosomal enzymes.
Restoration of oxygen to oxygen-deprived tissues results in:
a. chemical injury.
b. establishment of normal cell metabolism.
c. reperfusion injury.
d. hypoxic injury. - ANS ✓c. reperfusion injury.
The process of cellular atrophy may be accomplished through which of the
following processes?
a. Decreased cell division
b. Loss of fluid
c. Formation of autophagic vacuoles
d. Inhibition of enzyme formation - ANS ✓c. Formation of autophagic vacuoles
A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
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a. metabolic acidosis.
b. tissue ischemia.
c. all of the above.
d. increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP). - ANS ✓a. metabolic acidosis.
Which of the following cellular processes occurs during apoptosis?
a. cell lysis
b. cellular swelling
c. cleavage of key cellular proteins
d. activation of inflammation - ANS ✓c. cleavage of key cellular proteins
A healthcare professional is assessing a child who has complete trisomy of the
twenty-first chromosome. What findings does the professional relate to this
condition?
a. High pitched voice, tall stature, gynecomastia, and an IQ of 60 to 90
b. Widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body
hair
c. An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears
d. Circumoral cyanosis, edema, of the feet, short stature, and mental slowness -
ANS ✓c. An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set
ears
Rationale: This child has Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome. These
children typically present with IQs ranging from 25 to 70. The facial appearance
is distinctive and exhibits a low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, protruding tongue,
and flay, low-set ears. Widely spaced nipples and edema of the newborn's feet
are characteristic of Turner syndrome. The high-pitched voice and gynecomastia
are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome.
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal nondisjunction
c. Paternal translocation
d. Maternal translocations - ANS ✓b. Maternal nondisjunction
Rationale: Nondisjunction during the formation of one of the parent's gametes or
during early embryonic development occurs in approximately 97% of infants
born with Down syndrome. In approximately 90% to 95% of infants, the
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nondisjunction occurs in the formation of the mother's egg cell. Down syndrome
is rarely caused by paternal nondisjunction. Robertsonian translocations are
responsible for 3% to 5% of cases of Down syndrome. A high-pitched voice and
gynecomastia are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome.
A person with 47, XXY karyotype has the genetic disorder resulting in which
syndrome?
a. Fragile X
b. Turner
c. Down
d. Klinefelter - ANS ✓d. Klinefelter
Rationale: A disorder in the chromosome (47, XXY karyotype) results in a
disorder known as Klinefelter syndrome. Turner syndrome has a karyotype of
45, X. Down syndrome is caused by Trisomy 21. Fragile X syndrome is caused by
microscopically observable breaks and gaps in the X chromosome.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. Autosomal dominant
b. X-linked dominant
c. Autosomal recessive
d.X-linked recessive - ANS ✓c. Autosomal recessive
Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal autosomal recessive disease
in white children. It is not X linked of dominant.
Males, having only one X chromosome, are said to be what?
a. Heterozygous
b. Homozygous
c. Hemizygous
d. Ambizygous - ANS ✓c. Hemizygous
Rationale: Males, having only one X chromosome, are said to be hemizygous for
genes on this chromosome. Homozygous refers to two alleles being identical at a
specific locus. When the alleles are not identical at that locus, the individual is
said to be heterozygous. Ambizyous is not a term in the text.
Which statement is true regarding X-linked recessive conditions?
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a. Cystic fibrosis is an example of such a condition.
b. Such diseases use males as phenotypical carriers.
c. 25% of an affected individual's grandsons will be affected.
d. The conditions are passed from affected father to all of his female children. -
ANS ✓d. The conditions are passed from affected father to all of his female
children.
ationale: X-linked recessive conditions are passed from an affected father to all of
his daughters, who, as phenotypically normal carriers, transmit it to
approximately one half of their sons, who are affected. Cystic fibrosis is an
autosomal recessive disease.
What is an individuals' genetic makeup called?
a. Genotype
b. Phenotype
c. Heterozygous locus
d.Homozygous locus - ANS ✓a. Genotype
Rationale: An individual's genotype is his or her genetic makeup. The outward
appearance of an individual is the phenotype. A locus refers to the position a
gene occupies on a chromosome.
Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?
a. Physical inactivity
b. Obesity
c. Psychosocial stress
d.Sodium intake - ANS ✓b. Obesity
Rationale: The most important environmental risk factors for hypertension are
increased sodium intake, decreased physical activity, psychosocial stress, and
obesity. However, obesity is, itself, influenced by genes and the environment.
Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity
by affecting what?
a. Absorption of fat
b. Metabolizing of fat
c. Regulation of appetite
d. Altering the sense of satiety - ANS ✓c. Regulation of appetite
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