NU606/ NU 606 FINAL EXAM: (NEW
2024/ 2025 UPDATE) ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | QS & AS| GRADE A|
100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
What are the characteristics of iron deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Microcytic,
hypochromic, small RBCs, low Hgb.
What are the three etiological classifications of anemia based on
underlying mechanism? - ANS ✓Blood loss, increased erythrocyte destruction,
deficient erythropoiesis.
What are the causes of acute blood loss? - ANS ✓Trauma.
What are the causes of chronic blood loss? - ANS ✓Illness.
What are the causes of increased erythrocyte destruction? - ANS ✓Anaemias
with abnormally sized or shaped cells, haemolysis, eryptosis.
Can increased erythrocyte destruction be inherited? - ANS ✓Yes.
Can increased erythrocyte destruction be acquired? - ANS ✓Yes.
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What are the causes of deficient erythropoiesis? - ANS ✓Anaemias with bone
marrow destruction.
Can deficient erythropoiesis be inherited? - ANS ✓Yes.
Can deficient erythropoiesis be nutritional? - ANS ✓Yes.
What are the characteristics of acute blood loss? - ANS ✓Caused by trauma,
can lead to coagulopathy.
What is coagulopathy? - ANS ✓Impaired coagulation.
What is the leading worldwide cause of preventable death after injury? -
ANS ✓Acute blood loss following trauma.
What percentage of individuals with bleeding trauma also suffer from
coagulopathy? - ANS ✓One-third.
Can an individual recover from acute blood loss? - ANS ✓Yes, as long as it is
not severe.
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When is a blood transfusion necessary for acute blood loss? - ANS ✓When
the blood loss is severe and the bone marrow needs time to replenish the lost
blood.
What is the condition called when erythrocytes are destroyed more quickly
than they can be replaced? - ANS ✓Hemolytic anemia.
What is B12 deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Anemia caused by a deficiency in
vitamin B12.
What are the causes of B12 deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Inadequate dietary
intake or malabsorption of vitamin B12.
What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Fatigue, weakness,
shortness of breath, pale skin, and neurological symptoms.
How does B12 deficiency lead to anemia? - ANS ✓Vitamin B12 is necessary for
the production of healthy red blood cells.
What is megaloblastic anemia? - ANS ✓Anemia characterized by the presence
of large, immature red blood cells.
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How does B12 deficiency cause megaloblastic anemia? - ANS ✓B12
deficiency affects DNA synthesis, leading to abnormal red blood cell production.
What are the consequences of megaloblastic anemia? - ANS ✓Decreased
oxygen-carrying capacity and increased destruction of red blood cells.
What are the neurological symptoms of B12 deficiency anemia? - ANS
✓Numbness, tingling, and difficulty with balance and coordination.
How is B12 deficiency anemia diagnosed? - ANS ✓Blood tests to measure B12
levels and evaluate red blood cell morphology.
What is the treatment for B12 deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Supplementation
with vitamin B12, either orally or by injection.
What is folate deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Anemia caused by a deficiency in
folic acid (vitamin B9).
What are the causes of folate deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Inadequate dietary
intake, malabsorption, or increased demand for folate.
What are the symptoms of folate deficiency anemia? - ANS ✓Similar to B12
deficiency anemia, including fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.
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