Summary Introduction to Psychology Midterm Exam Study Guide Year 1 2024 / Memorial University of Newfoundland
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Course
Introduction to Psychology
Institution
Memorial University Of Newfoundland (MUNSU
)
Book
Exploring Psychology
This is the complete summary of Intro to Psychology of Newfoundland for 2024/2025 / Year 1. Very to the point with the most important visuals. With a logical layout and understandable English.
Literature:
Introduction to Psychology James W. Kalat edition 2021
Psychology David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall edition 2024
,Contents
Part 1: Introduction to Psychology............................................................................................................................................ 3
What is Psychology?.................................................................................................................................................................... 3
The Four Goals of Psychology................................................................................................................................................. 3
Levels of Analysis......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Bio psycho social Approach..................................................................................................................................................... 3
History of Psychology................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Psychobiology/ Neuroscience................................................................................................................................................ 6
Psychology’s Current Perspectives....................................................................................................................................... 6
Part 2: Psychology as a Science................................................................................................................................................... 8
Hypothetico-Deductive Model................................................................................................................................................ 8
The Scientific Method................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Research Methods........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
The Experiment............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Descriptive Research............................................................................................................................................................... 10
Analyzing Research Results (statistics)............................................................................................................................ 10
Ethical Guidelines in Psychology......................................................................................................................................... 11
Part 3: Neuroscience (and evolutionary psychology)..................................................................................................... 13
Mind and Brain........................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Examining Autopsy Tissue.................................................................................................................................................... 13
Neuropsychological Assessment......................................................................................................................................... 13
Recording Electrical Brain Activity.................................................................................................................................... 13
Neuroimaging............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Animal Studies............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Cells of the Nervous System.................................................................................................................................................. 14
Glial Cells....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Neurons......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Resting Potential................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Action Potential..................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Firing Threshold................................................................................................................................................................... 16
All or None Response.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Refractory Period................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Propagation of the Action Potential.............................................................................................................................. 16
Speed of Action Potential.................................................................................................................................................. 17
Neural Communication...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Neurotransmitters.................................................................................................................................................................... 17
How is the Nervous System Organized?........................................................................................................................... 18
Spinal Reflexes............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Hindbrain...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
, Midbrain........................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Forebrain...................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
The Integrated Brain................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Areas of the Neocortex............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Neuroplasticity........................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Lateralization of Function...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Part 1: Introduction to Psychology
What is Psychology?
Psychology- the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour
Behaviour- anything an organism does that is directly observable
Mental Processes- internal subjective experiences inferred from behaviour, e.g., thinking
(cognition), emotion, etc.
Psychology is a science. Involves empiricism (direct observation) to understand mental
processes and behaviour
The Four Goals of Psychology
1. Describe- what people do and their mental processes (e.g. how think), how often, etc.
2. Explain- why do people behave and have certain mental processes (e.g., think
certain ways), i.e. what are the causes of behaviour and mental processes
3. Predict- when are people most likely to behave or have certain mental processes
4. Control- to change, produce, or suppress behaviour or particular mental
processes (others and yourself)
Levels of Analysis
Sciences are hierarchically arranged. There are various levels of analysis (Sociology;
psychology; biology; chemistry; physics; math). All are valid and complementary.
When studying why a certain behaviour or mental process occurs, psychologists typically
study the behaviour or mental processes at 3 levels:
- Biological e.g. brain, neural activity, etc.
- Psychological e.g. personality, life experiences, memories
- Social e.g. role of groups, friends, family culture
Bio psycho social Approach
Biological Influences
Natural selection of traits (i.e. through
evolution) Brain mechanisms (i.e. genetics)
Hormonal influences
Psychological
Influences Individual’s
history Personality
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