These notes feature everything covered in biology 2, from taxonomy, to evolution and impacting factors, to speciation barriers, and more. These 41-pages includes photos, drawings, and diagrams, all with annotations. They are black pages with white and colored text and are great for those with sensi...
CH 19-DESCENT . W MODIFICATION
·
EVOLUTION Is A PATTERN ABOVE The INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
·
IT'S THE PROCESS THAT DRIVES THIS PATTERN
-
"THE MECHANISMS"
·
DARWIN'S -
DEFINITION DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
.
9 I DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
&
·
ARISTOTLE LINNAEUS - HERARCUICAL CLASSIFICATIONS EXIST BUT ORGANISMS ARE UNCHANGING
·
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
·
FOUNDER Of
TAXONOmy
O BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
· NESTED CLASSIFICATION
·
CHANGE ER TIME -
CUVIER
·
STUDY OF FOSSILS
·
AppEARS In STRATA OF
SEDIMENTARY Rock
·
REPRESENT
BOUNDRIES BETWEEN STRATA
MAY CATASTROUIC EVENTS
James Huston (RIVERS)
VALLEYS EXPLAINED By GRADUAL MECHANISMS
·
: COULD BE
·
CHARLES LYEL1 :
PERCIEVED CHANGES IN SURFACE CAN RESULT FRAM SLaw
,
CONSTANT ACTIONS
EXISTENCE (THOMAS
-
HE STRUGGLE FOR MALTHUS)
QUANTITY LAMARCKIAN EVOLUTION
↑
-
·
LAMARCKISM :
ORGANISMS IMPROVE OVER TIME
·
INDIVIDUALS ACQUIRE & LOSE TRAITS OVER A LIFETIME
FOOD THOSE TRAITS ARE
·
INHERITED
·
NOT SupporTED By ExpERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Time
-
THIS IS
EXEMPLARY
OF THE PATTERN
Of EVOLUTION
,THE BEAGLE
VoyAGE OF THE
PLANT & ANIMAL
·
DARWIN COLLECTED SpECIMEN
·
RESEMBLED SpECIES ThE SAME REGION & FROM REGIONS
FOSSILS LIVING IN
NEARBy
·
CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE LIFTED Up ROCKS
·
He
HypoihESIZED ThAT
SpECIES From S Am
. .
HAD COLONIZED ThE GALApAGOS & spECIATED
DARWIN'S FOCUS ON ADAPTATION
·
ADAPTATION :
A
GENETICALLY INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC thAT ENHANCES AN ORGANISM's
ABILITY to SURVIVE & REPRODUCE
WITHIN A PARTICULAR CONTEXT (FINCU BEAKS)
·
ARTIFICIAL & NATURAL SELECTION
· A PROCESS
HUMANS HAVE MODIFIED SpECIES THRU SELECTIVE BREEDING IN CALLED ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
·
OBSERVATIONS OF NATURE
1. MEMBERS A OFTEN TRAITS
Of Pop .
VARY GREATLy IN INHERITED
.
2 TRAITS ARE INHERITED FROM PARENTS
3
. ALL SPECIES ARE CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING MORE OFFSPRING THAN THE ENVIRONMENT SuppoRTS
4 . THRU LACK OF
FOOD/RESOURCES , MANY OFFSPRING DON'T SURVIVE
2 INFERENCES
1. DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL & REPRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CERTAIN TRAITS IN THE GIVEN ENVIRONMENT
2
. DRIVES ACCUMULATION OF ADAPTIVE TRAITS IN
POPULATION
THE OVER GENERATIONS
NATURAL SELECTION : A PROCESS IN WHICH CERTAIN INHERITED TRAITS CONFER A FITNESS ADVANTAGE TO THOSE INDIVIDUALS
WITH THOSE TRAITS
BIOLOGICAL (RELATIVE) FITNESS : RELATIVE CONTRIB . OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC MATERIAL TO FUTURE GENS .
BROAD OBSERVATIONS
1 LIVINGS ORGANISMS EXHIBIT
.
UNITY
.
2 LIVING ORGANISMS EXHIBIT
DIVERSITY
.
3 ORGANISMS ARE "ADAPTED" TO LIFE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT
WHAT IS THEORETICAL ABOUT DARWIN'S VIEN OF LIFE ?
- GENERAL
A THEORY IS BROADER IN
SCOPE THAN A
HypOTHESIS ,
ENOUGH TO LEAD TO A TESTABLE
HypOTHESIS ,
& IS
SupportED By LARGE BODIES OF EVIDENCE
, 1 12 24
.
.3
19 EVOLUTION IS OVERWHELMING AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE .
SUPPORTED By
-
AN
4. TYPES OF DATA THAT DOCUMENT THE PATTERN OF EVOLUTION & HOW IT OCCURS
3
1. DIRECT OBSERV .
2. · EVOLUTION OF DRVG-RESISTANT BACTERIA
Homology THAT PROVIDE EVIDENCE
EXAMPLES :
3
. FOSSIL RECORD · NATURAL SELECTION IN RESPONSE TO INTRODUCED SPECIES
4 .
BIOGEOGRAPHY
CAN A CHANGE In A POPULATION'S FOOD SRC
Penicillium Sp
.
RESULT Ero NATURAL SELECTION ?
In .
By
"BEAKS"
SoAPBERRY BUGS USE TO FEED ON FRUIT StEDS
·
S FLORIDA BUGS FEED NATIVE BALLOON VINE
SOAPBERRY
·
IN .
ON WITH
,
LARGER FRUIT
C FLORIDA FEED The INTRODUCED GOLDENRAIN TREE
IN
THEY
·
. ON
,
WITH SMALLER FRUIT
·
FEEDING IS MOST EFfECTIVE WHEN BEAR LENGTH IS
CLOSELY MATCHED
tO SEED'S DEPTH IN FRUIT
NOTES On DIRECT OBSERVATION...
NATURAL SELECTION DOESN'T CREATE NEW TRAITS
·
·
EDITS/SELECTS FOR PREENSTING TRAITS
Evo NAT SEL OCCUR
RAPIDLY SPECIES WITH SHORT GENERATIONS
By CAN IN
·
.
. .
·
CURRENT, LOCAL ENVIRO .
CONDITIONS MATTER
Homology HOMOLOG . STRUCTURES DUE TO COMMON
ANCESTRY
·
ANATOMICAL RESEMBLANCES REPRESENTING VARIATION ON STRUCTURAL THEMES
A
PRESENT COMMON ANCESTOR
·
In
e FORELIMBS HUMANS CATS , WHAIES & BATS
g. Of
·
.
, ,
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
·
ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES SIMILAR STRUCTURES WITH NO COMMON ANCESTORS
& SUGAR GLIDER
e
g. FLYING SQUIRREL
·
.
SIMILARITY DOESN'T
ImpLY ANCESTRY
·
· BIRDS & BATS HAVE
HOMOLOG . FORELIME BONES
,
BUT ANALOGY SUGGESTS WING STRUCTURE IS A CASE OF
CONVERGENT EVO .
, THE FOSSIL RECORD
·
PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF 1) EXTINCTION 2) ORIGINS OF NEW SPECIES 3) CHANGES OVER TIME
ANKLE BONES
·
IN MOST MAMMALS , THE ASTRAGULUS HAS A DOUBLE HUMP ON ONE END BUT NOT THE OTHER
Fossics SHOW CETACEAN PaKicetUS HAD AN ASTRAGULUS HumpS AT Both ENDS A SHAPE
EARLY WITH DOUBLE
·
,
FOUND pIGS DEER & OTHER EVEN-TOED UNGULATES
ONLY
IN
, ,
t
(MARINE LIFE)
BIOGEOGRAPHY
SCIENTIFIC
STUDY GEOGRAPHIC DIST SpECIES
·
OF The . OF
·
USE OF FOSSILS TO DETERMINE
LOCATIONS
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