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Class Notes Bio105

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In class notes from UW-La Crosse's BIO-105. Taught by Jason Fruend, notes taken in class and includes class pictures and material.

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  • December 14, 2024
  • 33
  • 2024/2025
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  • Jason fruend
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Bio 105-day one (September 3)
Nature of Science and Evolution

>
-
method used to Evolution -


Species &Changel over time

develop and fine >
-
can be observed over short
period of time
tune ideas that
(and long
turn into facts

Hypothesis -
educated guess through observation
>
- testable

A
theory idea with
Theory idea/set of ideas that have been
-


is a major unifying
tested thoroughly
far-reaching implications that has been

extensively tested and attempts to >
-
doesn't have to "work
every
time"

disprove it have failed
>
-
good theory gives a pattern and

ex :
big bang , natural selection a process
>
- theories don't become laws
Variable
Law -


physical phenomena

Y exigravity
Variable -


What
dependent
·
response
we are
observing
-
the
thing that changes
X a
·indepen

Good -
Variable control (changing one thing
Experiment procedures -



doing things the

same way time
every
control -
all experiments have

same conditions
L (matched variables
*
correlation - Causation



Scientific Fact : an and verifiable observation
objective

,CHAPTER I NOTES
.1
4 The study of life reveals unifying themes




matter]
organization
information
energy +
themes reductionism : reduces
systems to simpler components
complex
that
interactions life are more manageable to study

evolution * structure function
can explain
and vice versa


Biological organization ex : a leafs long structure allows

more sunlight
1 Biosphere 6
. .
organs
.
2 ecosystems . tissues
7
enkaryotic cell : contains membrane-

enclosed organelles
. communities
3 8. Cells
prokaryotic cell : lacks nucleus
4 populations a. organells
5
. organisms 10 ·
molecules enerallysmallerthanukatis




n
g enes : each section of DNA in a
chromosome Contains all info
for needed
building all molecules
in a cell
↳ DNA replecated into a cell will

become the same info that
makes up all cells in a living thing




&timamino acid potent

, Sep
Evolutionary
5th
Mechanisms .




Evolution :
change in species over time Natural Selection :
process that results in the
Survival and reproductive of individuals best
↳ easily observed
success

adapted to their environment

Evidence of Evolution : 5 * populations are not
major mechanisms Phenotype : observ . trait homogeneous

>
-
* genetic variation causes differences
fossils >
-
migration (gene flow) genotype : genetics
(wo populations become more
time)
* food
being limited (competition) creates
changes
similar over
>
- -
ladaptations
in pop,
diseases



I
sexual selection
(species that can mate will have
Yellow gets eaten , will

occur to combat
genetic homologies
they can)
brighter
brown
colors bc
so over time
,



>
- -
natural selection scarcity/comp.
Will take over
>
- anatomical homologies ->
mutations
>
- amino acids >
-
genetidrift couldalo beespecies


Mutations : a
change in DNA

structure , heritable -
can be passed on



exiyou can't pass on skin cancer , but you
could it
pass on
your vulnerability to get




Sexual Selection : a form of Genetic Drift : the change in genetic makeup
Natural selection that comes about through of a
pop ,
due to random events


preferencebyone sforparticle
another
sex
L more likely to affect smaller populations
Scooter
* sexual selection leads to non-random ex :
squishing bugs on sidewalk
mating ↳ all luck ,
but changes genes in pop.

Le creates new pop
.
ex :
giraffes we necks can beat up other
males ,
long
making them more attractive to

females
-natural selection would be giraffes having
long neck to reach top of tree

sexual dimorphism : males are more

armored due to
fighting more

,Biomes-Sep - 10th ·

Terrestrial Biomes Osmoregulation :
Types of Biomes :
salt and water
>
- Rain Forest -grassland) weather vs Climate
balance
.




taiga
-
-
desert >
- day to day -long ter m

>
- temp. deciduous +
fundra -> "What you get
"
- "What photic :
light hits
you expect"
forest
aphotic : no light
Primary Producers : how much production happens (from plants) Predicting Biomes :

NPP : Gross pp -



respiration >
- distance to equator (temp

benthic : bottom
higher amount in tropical climates
-precipitation
flower in
deserts/high elevations (mountains lotic
moving
:

-oceans ex : desert-hot and
dry
lax :
temperate disidual climate * more cold= tundra-cold and Water
dry
seasons trees less humid lentic : still water
drop leaves
Latitude + Elevation
biomes
predicting climate zonation are a
: -




>
- latitude function of elevation
>
-
altitude resimilar to latitude , but
>
- mountains smaller scale
>
-
Oceans currents)

>
- Windssimilar to Windward + leeward sides of muts .




currents) - more -more
numid
dry
* lakes create
precipitation
coderontoa
o




Making Proper Figure seasons bottoms
are caused

Axes
Hadley
>
-
labeled by Earths filt Cell :



> no
-
grid lines (directness of sun) opposite climates

- equations given legend North-South close together
facing due

>
-
figure is clean
its .
- Southern side to precipitation

figure caption
>
-
dries due to sun
·

Aquatic Biomes

highly productive places : * 71 % of Earth is covered in water
-

almost all salt


3
·
coral reef · Shallow-hotter +
highest places of rivers and streams
more sunlight
·
kelp forests
Sun hits
productivity :

Oprimary productivity
Photic -
where
comes from
·



intersection
·
Benthic-bottom =
good
·

rainforest
↳ great amount Kelp algae +
things on rocks
of
productivity
·

coral
-benthic places get energy
tides : due to gravity of the moon
from things falling into the
estuaries : Where river meets Ocean stream ,
ex : leat falling in
-highly productive / Marshes , Swamps Bogs river
,
* sediments pollute streams

thermoclines and lake turnover every high biodiversity
oligotrophic : low nutrients
-ecosystem services
summer : high temp on top low, on bottom ·
important breeding ground eutrophic : high nutrients
·
purify water + store flood
fall top level :
gets cold and falls to Water
* streams have less productive ,




↑ called turnover bottom esensitive to development be there nutrients move

# happens again in Winter ↓ pollution downstream
*
high biodiversityy due to




isolation

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