In class notes from psych 100, taught at UWL by Alexander O'Brien. Notes include in-class examples and graphs/pictures. Summary of the textbook includes page numbers).
Psych Chapter One Notes
psychology William James : taught first Psychology class & Harvard
sonl To study + wrote first psych textbook "Principles of
,
Psychology"
"Father of American
or the study of
Psychology" >
- founded school of function
Philosophical dualism : the view that mind and body are fundamentally
mind + behavior
different things (ex .
Rene Descartes
philosophical materialism : the view that all mental phenomena are
reducible to physical phenomena (ex : Thomas
Hobbs)
* the mind
is what the brain does ,
physical processes produce all things like memories
or thoughts
-John Locke
Philosophical realism : view that our perceptions of the physical world are a
faithful copy of information from the world that enters
"camera"
our brains through our
sensory apparatus (eye is
philosophical idealism : our perceptions of the physical world are our brains
L Immanuel best interpretation of the info that enters through sensory
Kant
apparatus (our brain is
using input from eyes + past
* similar to
believe
what
now
psychologists
knowledge to produce perception)
* of the world is an inference
our
perception
philosophical empiricism : view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
4 John ↳ newborn
Locke baby is "blank Slate"
Philosophical Nativism : the view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired
LImmanuel Kant nativism is mostly right
structuralism approach to that attempted to isolate the
: an
psychology and analyze minds
did not go
well basic elements
re
introspection : the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers
functionalism: an approach to psychology that emphasize of the adaptive
significance of
↳ mental
William James
processes
* believed natural selection mind
can shape our as well as our
body
Hysteria : loss of function that has no obvious physical distortion
that of
Psychoanalytic theory theory :
emphasizes the influence the unconscious on
feelings
thoughts and behaviors
Psychoanalysis :
therapy that aims to give ppl insight on the contents of their
unconscious minds
Leused dreams and "free association"
sayingawordandpatientsays is
-
as
, notes
(continued chapter one
Watson : created behaviorism ,
an approach to
psychology that restricts scientific
inquiry to observable behavior
↳ studied rats
* he argues psychology should be the of stimuli and responses
study
* everyone followed his path of behaviorism
"psychology s behaviorism"
Skinner :
created "skinner box"
of reinforcement state that any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and
+ principle , any
thats hot , won't be
repeated
Lskinner believed this concept can explain human behaviors -
"radical behaviorism"
Gestalt psychology :
an approach to psychology that emphasized the
way
in which the
mind creates
perceptual experience
L like philosophical idealism
developmental psych
: the study of the
ways in which psychological phenomena change ove r
the life span
Social psych : the study of the causes and consequences of sociality /how ppl treat each other
↳ Kurt Lewin
>
- responses do not depend on stimuli but on
, how ppl think about the stimuli
Cognitive psych : the study of human information
processing
the of the
evolutionary psych :
study ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection
↳ "a "
way of
thinking about psych
↳ can be
applied to
anything
cognitive neuroscience : the study of the
relationship between brain and mind
behavioral neuroscience :
The study of relationship
the between brain and behavior
cultural psych :
the
study of how culture influences mental life
APA :
American Psychological Association
How to become a psychologist
:
1) graduate w/ bachelors in
psychology >
2) ( years graduate school
3) optional hospital
training in
, methods in Psychology
Louise Hay believed ppI could cure cancer w) their minds (didn't believe in science)
two basic questions :
What do people
do/why do they do it
L measure things Le examine the relationship between them
dogmatists develop theories functions-ppl died lot
(dog-shit )
:
of bodies a
empiricists examine sick people
Lempiricism :
the conviction that of the world
accurate knowledge can be
acquired by observing
scientific method procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts
theory "idea ab how works" explanations of natural phenomena
something ·
empirical method set mus
of + techniques for observation
people are e...
complex , variable and reactive
methods of observation allows them to discover what do
ppl
↳
method) of explanation Why ppl do it
how to measure 1l define to measure 2) find way to detect it
property a
operational definition a description of a
property in measurable terms
construct validity a good way to measure
something (in the eye of the beholder
detectors detect of differences
power ability to the presence
detectors
reliability ability to detect absence of differences
↳ a
good detector has both power and reliability
demand characteristics people behave differently when
they are
being watched
naturalistic observations
watching ppl without them
knowing
* expectations influence observation
* expectations influence
reality
Observer bias tendency for observers expectations to influence both what
they observed and what
they actually observed
double-blind the participant nor the researcher know the expected outcome
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