©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NAO Book 1 Study Guide.
Reflex tears - Answers✔Produced by lacrimal glands & are caused by stimulus such as
coughing, sneezing, strong smells & emotions
Layers of tear film (outer-innermost) - Answers✔Lipid, aqueous, mucin
Tear lake, tear prism, tear meniscus - Answers✔Collection of the thin film of tears on the lower
lid margin
Ectropia - Answers✔Eyelids turn outward
Entropion - Answers✔Eyelids turn inward
Conjunctiva - Answers✔Mucous membrane lining lids & globe
Goblet cells - Answers✔produce mucus
Conjunctivitis - Answers✔inflammation of the conjunctiva
First tunic (outer tunic) - Answers✔Sclera, cornea, limbus
2nd tunic (middle tunic) - Answers✔Sclera-retina (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3rd tunic (inner tunic) - Answers✔Retina
Outer tunic - Answers✔Fibrous; receives O2 from tears and blood vessels
Layers of the cornea (outermost-innermost) - Answers✔Epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma,
descements membrane, endothelium
Epithelium - Answers✔Has 5-7 layers
Bowman's layer - Answers✔If damaged, scar tissue will form
Endothelium - Answers✔If deprived of O2, will lost cells quickly & cause swelling
Average power of the cornea - Answers✔42.00-45.00 diopters
1
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Canal of Schlemm - Answers✔Encircles the lumbar region; where aqueous drains into the
trabecular meshwork
Middle tunic - Answers✔vascular
Inner tunic - Answers✔Light sensitive
Anterior chamber - Answers✔Back surface of the cornea & the iris
Posterior chamber - Answers✔Between the iris and crystalline lens
Anisocoria - Answers✔unequal pupil size
Iritis - Answers✔inflammation of the iris
Sphincter - Answers✔Muscle that constricts, causing the pupil to become smaller
Dilator - Answers✔Muscle dilates causing the pupil to become larger
Floaters - Answers✔Located in the vitreous
Aphakia - Answers✔Absence of the crystalline lens
Presbyopia - Answers✔loss of accommodation
6 extraocular muscles - Answers✔Medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus,
superior oblique, inferior oblique
-tropia - Answers✔A definite turning of the eye
Tear film - Answers✔How the cornea primarily received it's nutrients
Irregular astigmatism - Answers✔A refractive condition caused by a cornea which is damaged
and irregular so that rays of light come to many focal points on the retina; is not correctable by
cylinders.
Anisometropia - Answers✔significant unequal refractive error between two eyes
choroid - Answers✔Primary purpose is to supply nutrients to the retina
photopic - Answers✔Using cones in lighted conditions
Fovea - Answers✔Area of the retina capable of fine detailed vision
Adduction - Answers✔Turning inwards; towards the nose
Abduction - Answers✔Turning outwards; towards the temple
2
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NAO Book 1 Study Guide.
Reflex tears - Answers✔Produced by lacrimal glands & are caused by stimulus such as
coughing, sneezing, strong smells & emotions
Layers of tear film (outer-innermost) - Answers✔Lipid, aqueous, mucin
Tear lake, tear prism, tear meniscus - Answers✔Collection of the thin film of tears on the lower
lid margin
Ectropia - Answers✔Eyelids turn outward
Entropion - Answers✔Eyelids turn inward
Conjunctiva - Answers✔Mucous membrane lining lids & globe
Goblet cells - Answers✔produce mucus
Conjunctivitis - Answers✔inflammation of the conjunctiva
First tunic (outer tunic) - Answers✔Sclera, cornea, limbus
2nd tunic (middle tunic) - Answers✔Sclera-retina (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3rd tunic (inner tunic) - Answers✔Retina
Outer tunic - Answers✔Fibrous; receives O2 from tears and blood vessels
Layers of the cornea (outermost-innermost) - Answers✔Epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma,
descements membrane, endothelium
Epithelium - Answers✔Has 5-7 layers
Bowman's layer - Answers✔If damaged, scar tissue will form
Endothelium - Answers✔If deprived of O2, will lost cells quickly & cause swelling
Average power of the cornea - Answers✔42.00-45.00 diopters
1
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Canal of Schlemm - Answers✔Encircles the lumbar region; where aqueous drains into the
trabecular meshwork
Middle tunic - Answers✔vascular
Inner tunic - Answers✔Light sensitive
Anterior chamber - Answers✔Back surface of the cornea & the iris
Posterior chamber - Answers✔Between the iris and crystalline lens
Anisocoria - Answers✔unequal pupil size
Iritis - Answers✔inflammation of the iris
Sphincter - Answers✔Muscle that constricts, causing the pupil to become smaller
Dilator - Answers✔Muscle dilates causing the pupil to become larger
Floaters - Answers✔Located in the vitreous
Aphakia - Answers✔Absence of the crystalline lens
Presbyopia - Answers✔loss of accommodation
6 extraocular muscles - Answers✔Medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus,
superior oblique, inferior oblique
-tropia - Answers✔A definite turning of the eye
Tear film - Answers✔How the cornea primarily received it's nutrients
Irregular astigmatism - Answers✔A refractive condition caused by a cornea which is damaged
and irregular so that rays of light come to many focal points on the retina; is not correctable by
cylinders.
Anisometropia - Answers✔significant unequal refractive error between two eyes
choroid - Answers✔Primary purpose is to supply nutrients to the retina
photopic - Answers✔Using cones in lighted conditions
Fovea - Answers✔Area of the retina capable of fine detailed vision
Adduction - Answers✔Turning inwards; towards the nose
Abduction - Answers✔Turning outwards; towards the temple
2
