TEST BANK
Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States,
Canadian Edition
Ruth A. Hannon, and Carol M. Porth
2nd Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Concepts of Health and Disease 1
Chapter 02 Concepts of Altered Health in Children 8
Chapter 03 Concepts of Altered Health in Older Adults 15
Chapter 04 Cell and Tissue Characteristics 23
Chapter 05 Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death 30
Chapter 06 Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance 37
Chapter 07 Genetic and Congenital Disorders 43
Chapter 08 Neoplasia 50
Chapter 09 Stress and Adaptation 57
Chapter 10 Alterations in Temperature Regulation 63
Chapter 11 Activity Tolerance and Fatigue 69
Chapter 12 Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System 75
Chapter 13 Disorders of Hemostasis 81
Chapter 14 Disorders of Red Blood Cells 88
Chapter 15 Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid tissues 95
Chapter 16 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease 102
Chapter 17 Innate and Adaptive Immunity 109
Chapter 18 Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing 115
Chapter 19 Disorders of the Immune Response 121
Chapter 20 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 128
Chapter 21 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System 134
Chapter 22 Disorders of Blood Flow in the Systemic Circulation 140
Chapter 23 Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation 146
Chapter 24 Disorders of Cardiac Function 152
Chapter 25 Disorders of Cardiac Conduction and Rhythm 159
Chapter 26 Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock 166
Chapter 27 Structure and Function of the Respiratory System 172
Chapter 28 Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders 179
Chapter 29 Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange 187
Chapter 30 Structure and Function of the Kidney 194
Chapter 31 Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 200
Chapter 32 Disorders of Acid–Base Balance 206
Chapter 33 Disorders of Renal Function 212
Chapter 34 Acute Renal Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease 219
Chapter 35 Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract 226
Chapter 36 Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System 232
Chapter 37 Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function 238
Chapter 38 Disorders of Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreas Function 245
Chapter 39 Alterations in Nutritional Status 252
Chapter 40 Mechanisms of Endocrine Control 258
Chapter 41 Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism 263
,Chapter 42 Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome 269
Chapter 43 Structure and Function of the Male Genitourinary System 276
Chapter 44 Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System 282
Chapter 45 Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System 289
Chapter 46 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 295
Chapter 47 Sexually Transmitted Infections 302
Chapter 48 Organization and Control of Neural Function 309
Chapter 49 Somatosensory Function, Pain, and Headache 315
Chapter 50 Disorders of Motor Function 322
Chapter 51 Disorders of Brain Function 328
Chapter 52 Sleep and Sleep Disorders 334
Chapter 53 Disorders of Thought, Mood, and Memory 340
Chapter 54 Disorders of Visual Function 346
Chapter 55 Disorders of Hearing and Vestibular Function 352
Chapter 56 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System 358
Chapter 57 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function-Trauma, Infection, and Neoplasms 364
Chapter 58 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function-Developmental and Metabolic
Disorders 370
Chapter 59 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function-Rheumatic Disorders 376
Chapter 60 Structure and Function of the Skin 382
Chapter 61 Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function 388
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Test Bank - Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 2nd Canadian Edition (Hannon, 2017)
Chapter 01 Concepts of Health and Disease
1. A newly introduced diagnostic test has been found to produce unacceptably low levels
of reliability. The nurse should recognize that the test:
A) is impractical to implement in daily practice.
B) does not actually measure what it purports to measure.
C) yields inconsistent results when repeated.
D) does not reflect the status of the population as a whole.
2. A physician is providing care for a number of clients on a medical unit of a large
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation
between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and molecules that directly
cause disease. Which client most clearly demonstrates the consequences of molecules
that cause disease?
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell disease who is receiving a transfusion of
packed red blood cells.
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from
familial hypercholesterolemia.
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen
therapy and chest physiotherapy.
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and
is HIV positive.
3. A member of the healthcare team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a
number of clients who are under her care in a hospital context. Which aspect of client's
situations best characterizes pathogenesis rather than etiology?
A) A client who has been exposed to the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium.
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis.
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning.
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident.
4. A client has been admitted for exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the first time.
Which aspect of the client's current state of health would be best characterized as a
symptom rather than a sign?
A) The client's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oximetry.
B) The client notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the client's lower lung fields bilaterally.
D) The client's respiratory rate is 31 breaths per minute.
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Test Bank - Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 2nd Canadian Edition (Hannon, 2017)
5. Nurses are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a differential diagnosis
between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and shortness of breath with a
respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is known to indicate a cardiac
etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of clients who have confirmed
cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3% of clients who do not have
cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test positive. Which statement best
characterizes this blood test?
A) Low validity, high reliability
B) High sensitivity, low specificity
C) High specificity, low reliability
D) High sensitivity, low reliability
6. As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens centre are
having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which statement
would best characterize high positive predictive value but low negative predictive value
for this screening test?
A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men
who had low PSA levels also developed prostate cancer.
B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer free; several men who had
high levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity.
7. A particular disease has a debilitating effect on the ability of sufferers to perform their
activities of daily living and is a significant cause of decreased quality of life. However,
few people die as a result of the disease's direct effects. There are hundreds of thousands
of Canadians living with the disease but relatively few new cases in recent years. This
disease has:
A) low mortality, high morbidity, low prevalence, and high incidence.
B) low mortality, high morbidity, high incidence, and low prevalence.
C) high mortality, low morbidity, high incidence, and low prevalence.
D) high morbidity, low mortality, high prevalence, and low incidence.
8. A researcher has recruited a large number of mothers whose infants were born with
cardiac defects, as well as mothers whose infants were born with healthy hearts. The
researcher is comparing the nutritional habits of all the mothers while their babies were
in utero. Which type of study is being conducted?
A) Cohort study
B) Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
C) Case-control study
D) Risk-factor study
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Test Bank - Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 2nd Canadian Edition (Hannon, 2017)
9. A multidisciplinary healthcare team operates a program aimed at the prevention,
identification, and treatment of diabetes in a rural community. Which aspect of the
program would be most likely to be classified as secondary prevention?
A) Regularly scheduled wound-dressing changes for clients who have foot ulcers
secondary to peripheral neuropathy and impaired wound healing.
B) Teaching schoolchildren how a nutritious, traditional diet can lessen their chances
of developing adult-onset diabetes.
C) Staffing a booth where community residents who are attending a baseball
tournament can have their blood glucose levels checked.
D) Administering oral antihyperglycemic medications to clients who have a diagnosis
of diabetes.
10. An occupational therapist conducts a group therapy program called MindWorks with
older adults who have diagnoses of dementia and Alzheimer disease. The goal of the
group is to slow the cognitive decline of clients by engaging them in regular, organized
mental activity, such as reading maps and solving puzzles. How would the program
most likely be characterized?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Prognosis enhancement
11. The clinical educator of a hospital medical unit is establishing evidence-based practice
guidelines for the nursing care on the unit. Which statement most accurately captures a
guiding principle of the nurse's task?
A) Evidence-based practice guidelines will be rooted in research rather than nurses'
subjective practice preferences and experiences.
B) Guidelines are synonymous with systematic research reviews.
C) The need for continuity and standardization of guidelines will mean that they will
be fixed rather than changeable.
D) The guidelines will combine individual expertise with external systematic
evidence.
12. To best understand the study of pathophysiology, the nurse must have a clear
understanding of the term itself. Of the definitions below, which one best describes the
term pathophysiology?
A) The physiology of altered health
B) Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part,
organ, or system of the body
C) Causes of disease
D) Changes in structure or form that is characteristic of a disease
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Test Bank - Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 2nd Canadian Edition (Hannon, 2017)
13. A physician is examining a 21-year-old college student who is exhibiting the classic
symptoms of schizophrenia. In the course of her evaluation the physician begins
developing a treatment strategy based on what she knows about the disease, available
therapies, and medications. She also makes the client aware of the consequences of not
following the treatment regimen. To accomplish this, what aspect of the disease is the
physician using?
A) Etiology
B) Causation
C) Natural history
D) Morbidity statistics
14. A client has died and the nurse is responsible for filling out the death certificate. In
performing this task, the nurse is required to record the client's age, sex, and cause of
death, among other factors. What is the purpose of reporting these statistics?
A) These statistics are recorded so pharmaceutical companies may compile the data to
determine future need.
B) The government requires the statistics in order to calculate the crude mortality rate.
C) These statistics are useful in terms of anticipating healthcare needs, planning
public-education programs, directing health research efforts, and allocating
healthcare dollars.
D) These statistics are required by the hospital to inform the WHO for the coding of
the cause of death.
15. Researchers have designed a study where the health of a large group of babies will be
followed for several years. What type of study is this?
A) Repetition
B) Double-blind placebo
C) Case-control
D) Cohort
16. A client has already suffered a heart attack and is placed on -blockers to reduce the
workload on the heart, as well as a statin drug and a low-fat diet to lower cholesterol.
This treatment plan is based on multiple levels; one is diet and statin therapy and the
other is the use of -blockers. These therapies can be classified as:
A) primary and secondary.
B) secondary and tertiary.
C) primary and tertiary.
D) secondary and primary.
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Test Bank - Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 2nd Canadian Edition (Hannon, 2017)
17. Which of the nurse's assessment questions most directly addresses the client's level of
health, based on the World Health Organization's definition of health?
A) “Would you consider yourself to be more healthy, less healthy, or average?”
B) “What are the things that give you the most joy in your life?”
C) “How often have you been sick over the past 12 months?”
D) “How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?”
18. Which clients are exhibiting sequelae of disease? Select all that apply.
A) A toddler who developed bronchiolitis after being treated for respiratory syncytial
virus (RSV).
B) A client who has just had a mastectomy to treat stage T3 breast cancer.
C) A client who had serologic testing and who has found out that she is positive for
human immunodeficiency virus.
D) An older adult client who experienced liver failure after overdosing on
acetaminophen in a suicide attempt.
E) A client with diabetes who has developed a loss of vision.
19. An epidemiologist is working in a rural community that has experienced a sudden and
alarming increase in the incidence of HIV/AIDS. What is the main focus of
epidemiology in this context?
A) Developing innovative treatments for HIV
B) Examining patterns in the way that HIV is spreading
C) Exploring the biochemical characteristics of the HIV virus
D) Performing pharmacologic testing of antiretroviral drugs
20. In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease began in West Africa in which there was a
sharp increase in the number of people being diagnosed with this disease. At the same
time, a very high proportion of those who were diagnosed died from the disease. The
epidemiologic characteristics of this disease include:
A) high prevalence and increased incidence.
B) increased incidence and high mortality.
C) high morbidity and mortality.
D) increased morbidity and high prevalence.
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Test Bank - Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 2nd Canadian Edition (Hannon, 2017)
21. A client has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and is meeting with an oncologist
for the first time. Which statement best describes the client's prognosis?
A) “At the stage that your cancer is at, your likelihood of 5-year survival is around
10%.”
B) “The plan of treatment will be based on the stage of your cancer, your response to
therapy and your preferences.”
C) “I've determined that your cancer is at stage IIB, which I'll explain to you.”
D) “The formal name for what you have is pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia III.”
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Test Bank - Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 2nd Canadian Edition (Hannon, 2017)
Answer Key
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. C
9. C
10. C
11. D
12. A
13. C
14. C
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. A, E
19. B
20. B
21. A
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