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NURS 328 Understanding Research Quiz 2 STUDY GUIDE |QUIZ TIPS NEW UPDATE| Athabasca University
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NURS 328 Understanding Research Quiz 2 STUDY GUIDE |QUIZ TIPS NEW UPDATE| Athabasca University Unit 7 - Key Features of Quantitative Research Design: Interventions o Key questions ▪ Will there be an intervention? ▪ What specific design will be used? o Broad design options ▪ Experimenta...

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  • December 20, 2024
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NURS 328 Understanding Research Quiz 2 STUDY GUIDE (QUIZ TIPS NEW
UPDATE) Athabasca University


Unit 7
- Key Features of Quantitative Research Design: Interventions
o Key questions
▪ Will there be an intervention?
▪ What specific design will be used?
o Broad design options
▪ Experimental (randomized control trial)
▪ Quasi-experimental (INVOLVES controlled trial without
randomization) (ALWAYS A INTERVENTION)
▪ Nonexperimental (observational study)
- Key Features of Quantitative Research Design: Comparisons
o Key question
▪ What type of comparisons will be made to illuminate relationships?
o Some design options
▪ Within-subjects designs: Same people are compared at different
times or under different conditions
▪ Between-subjects design: Different people are compared (e.g.,
men and women)
- Other Key Features of Quantitative Research Design #1
o Control over confounding variables (= contaminating factors)
▪ How will confounding variables be controlled?
▪ Which specific confounding variables will be controlled?
▪ Ways confounding variables are controlled: Randomization,
crossover, homogeneity, matching, statistical control
- Other Key Features of Quantitative Research Design #2
o Masking/blinding
▪ From whom will critical information be withheld to avert bias? (so
that the behavior are unaware they are going/not going through
intervention)
o Time frames
▪ How often will data be collected?
▪ When, relative to other events, will data be collected?
▪ Cross-sectional (collected in one point of time), longitudinal
design (collected over time, 2 or more points)
- Other Key Features of Quantitative Research Design #3
o Relative timing
▪ When will information on independent and dependent
variables be collected – looking forward (prospective study)
or backward (retrospective study) in time?
▪ Retrospective (case-control), prospective (cohort)
o Location
▪ Where will the study take place?

, ▪ Setting choice; single site (ex: ONE hospital) vs multisite (ex:
MULTIPLE hospitals)
- Causality (cause and effect)  best determine through use appropriate research
designs approach
o Many (if not most) quantitative research questions are about causes and effects
o Research questions that seek to illuminate casual relationships
need to be addressed with appropriate designs
- The counterfactual Model of Causality
o A counterfactual is what would have happened to the same people
exposed to a “cause” if they simultaneously were not exposed to the
cause
o An effect represents the difference between what actually did happen
when exposed to the cause and what would happen with the
counterfactual condition
- Criteria for Causality
o Three key Criteria for making casual inferences
▪ Temporal: The cause must precede the effect in time
▪ Relationship: There must be a demonstrated association
between the cause and the effect
▪ Confounder: The relationship between the presumed cause and
effect cannot be explained by a third variable or confounder;
another factor related to both the presumed cause and effect
cannot be the “real” cause
- Additional Criteria for Causality
o Addition criterion in health research
▪ Biologic plausibility: The casual relationship should be
consistent with evidence from basic physiologic studies
- Research Questions and Research Design
o Different designs are appropriate for different questions.
▪ Therapy, prognosis, eitology/harm and description
o Experimental designs (RCTs) offer the strongest evidence (for cause and effect) of
whether a cause (an intervention) results in an effect (a desired outcome)
▪ That’s why they are high on evidence hierarchies for questions
about causes and effects
- Experimental Design #1 (3 components for a TRUE experiment)
o Intervention: The researcher does something to some subject – introduces an
intervention (or treatment)
o Control: The researcher introduces controls, including the use of a
control group counterfactual. (people who are not receiving the tx)
o Randomization: The experimenter assigns participants to a
control or experimental condition on a random basis
▪ The purpose is to make the groups equal with regard to all other factors
except receipt of the intervention
*** Key criterion for causality is cause occurring before the effect. An additional
criterion is that evidence of the relationship should come from multiple sources. (check
point “Criteria for Causality”)

,- Experimental Design #2
o Posttest-only (or after-only) design
▪ Outcome data collect only after the intervention
▪ Symbolic representation (2 groups):
R X O (intervention given  experimental,
measurement after)
R O (NO intevntion  controlled group,
measurement after)
▪ R= Randomization; X= Receipt of
intervention; O= Observation/measurement
of dependent variable
- Experimental Design #3
o Pretest-posttest (before-after) design
▪ Outcome data collected both at baseline (0 point in time) and
after the intervention
▪ Symbolic representation
R O X O (received intervention “x” 
experiemental)
R O O (NO intervention  controlled group)
- Experimental Design #4
o Crossover design (meet 3 charatceristics of experiemnt:
Randomization control experimentation)
▪ Subjects are exposed to 2+ conditions in random order
▪ Subjects serve as their own control
▪ Symbolic representation: Randomization, control,
experimentation (2 intervention) (control because subjects are
as their own control)
R O XA O XB O
R O XB O XA O
Experimental Condition
o Must be designed with sufficient intensity and duration that effects
might reasonably be expected
o Researchers describe the intervention in formal protocols that
stipulate exactly wat the treatment is (experiment is carried out
exactly as per protocol)
o Attention must be paid to intervention fidelity (or treatment fidelity),
that is, whether the treatment as planned was actually delivered and
received
- Control Group Conditions (counterfactuals)
o No intervention is used; control groups get no treatment at all
o “Usual care” or standard or normal procedures is used to treat patients
o An alternative intervention is used (e.g., auditory vs visual stimulation)
o A placebo or pseudo intervention, presumed to have no therapeutic
value, is used
o Attention control condition and delayed treatment (wait-listed)
- Control Group Conditions – (cont.)

, o Attention control – extra attention but not the active
ingredient of the intervention
o Delayed treatment (“wait-listed controls”) – the intervention is given at a later
date
o Symbolic representation:
R O X O
OR O O X
O
- Advantages and Disadvantages of experiments
o Advantages – most powerful for detecting cause and effect relationships
o Disadvantages – often not feasible or ethical (withhold info, deny
someone tx), Hawthrone effect (knowledge of being in a study may
cause people to change their behavior), often expensive
- Quasi-Experiments
o Involve an intervention but lack either randomization or control group
o Two main categories of quasi-experimental designs
▪ Nonequivalent control group designs
• Those getting the intervention are compared
with a nonrandomized comparison group
▪ Within-subjects designs
• One group is studied before and after the intervention
- Nonequivalent Control group Designs #1
o If preintervention data are gathered, then the comparability of the
experimental and comparison groups at the start of the study can be
examined
▪ Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design
▪ Symbolic representation
O1 X O2
O1 O2
- Nonequivalent Control group Designs #2
o Without preintervention data, it is risky to assume the groups were similar
at the outset
▪ Nonequivalent control group posttest only is much weaker
▪ Symbolic representation: only posttest done therefore
nonequivalent (without prestest makes it hard to know what
effect the design has)
X O1
O1
- Within-Subjects Quasi-Experiments
o One-group pretest-posttest designs typically yield extremely weak
evidence of casual relationships
▪ Symbolic representation: NO comparison group (therefore
weak evidence)
O1 X O2
o Time-series designs gather preintervention and postintervention data
over a longer period

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