BIOl133 Exam 4 Exam Questions with Verified Answers Latest Update

BIOl133 Exam 4 Exam Questions with Verified Answers Latest Update Biotechnology - Answers use or alteration of cells or biomolecules for specific purposes Transgenic organisms - Answers an organism with DNA from another species Recombinant DNA - Answers adding foreign genes to cells Gene targeting - Answers moves a gene to a particular location Can genes be patented? - Answers No, genes are not patentable (since 2013) Transgenic organisms patenting - Answers Transgenic organisms can be patented. Must be new, useful, and not obvious to an expert in the field BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 - Answers - patented by Myriad Genetics and University of Utah - patients forced to take Myriad's test - expensive - patents discouraged research and prevented a second opinion - supreme court ruled 2013 genes are not patentable Transgenic mice - Answers Normal mice: don't get polio, lack receptor for virus Transgenic mice: express human gene for polio receptor - can be infected by polio virus - develop characteristic of disease GMO primates - 2001 - Answers - 1st GMO monkey - useless "marker" gene was inserted - shows promise for human gene therapy GMO primates - 2009 - Answers - transplanted gene is heritable - researchers now plan to create families of monkeys that develop neurodegenerative diseases similar to those seen in families genetically modified primates and autism - Answers - 2016: monkeys genetically modified to show symptoms of autism - used CRISPR/Cas9 technology - controversial case why are genetic technologies possible - Answers genetic code is universal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Answers amplifying (copying) pieces of DNA to create many copies PCR uses - Answers forensics, medical tests, genetic testing restriction enzymes - Answers cut DNA at specific locations - function like scissors DNA ligase - Answers attaches 2 pieces of DNA together (glue) vectors - Answers carry DNA to new location - plasmids - bacteriophages - retroviruses recipient cells - Answers cells to receive DNA recombinant dna technology - Answers example: human insulin 1st product produced through recombinant dna technology crispr - Answers - short sequences of bacterial dna that function as bacterial immune system - can be used to cut eukaryotic genomes at very precise locations - makes germline editing of human embryos possible - controversial! crispr meaning - Answers clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) GMO mushroom - Answers - genetically modified to "knockout" an enzyme that causes browning - currently not regulated as a GMO because it does not have foreign DNA AquAdvantage salmon - Answers GMO atlantic salmon - a growth hormone-regulating gene from a pacific chinook salmon, with a promoter from an ocean pout - grows year round - the first time a gmo animal has been approved to enter the united states food supply (2015) - but you cannot purcahse one in the us - currently sold in canada release of genetically modified organisms - Answers - microcosm experiments and field tests - bioremediation: use of an organisms engineered abilities to remove toxins from the environment genetic counselors - Answers health care professions trained in genetics and psychology - educate public about genetic information - evaluate risk based on personal and family history - determine whether and which genetic tests are appropriate - counsel patients before and after genetic test results - act as a resource for referral or support group information preconception comprehensive carrier testing - Answers a single test that detects recessive mutations for around 595 diseases - severe phenotype - several mutations known - penetrance is high nutrigenetics testing - Answers direct to consumer dna test coupled with questionnaire about lifestyle, diet, etc. pharmacogenetics - Answers using genetics to match patients to drugs and doses - identify patients likely to suffer a negative reaction to a drug - select the most effective drug/dose - monitor response to drug treatment - predict the course of the illness gene therapy - Answers replaces malfunctioning gene - alleviate symptoms