Complete review and summary of all exam 2 - Genetics - lecture materials given by Dr. Seth Blair in intro biology 151 at the university of Wisconsin-Madison. Each main subject outlined in a different color with molded key terms and supporting diagrams.
O
portation #
RNA polymerase
topoisomerase cuts strands,allowingeeem
CHAGRAFF : base pairing rules & species specific ratios helicase :
UnzipS DNA
RNAcleotides
genetic info can be transferred between bacterial strains
hensteve Chaser actrophage Made
new phages produced had same protein and DNA as original PNA
1
ue
amplifies
① denaturation
② annealing :
:
cooling
to
heating
template
to
to
61 ° C
DNA
so
quoc to separate
PNA primers can
apart
DNA strands
attach (anneal)
origin of 'replication
*
reads 3- 5'
③ extension temperature raised to eukaryotes have longer linear chroms s need many origins
:
72 C
resistant
builds 5'-3'
: , neat
i
builds new strand of PNA by
taq polymerase
TELOMERASE
iiiiiiiiintemplate
·
* adds telomeres start
end
bases to
&
lend of strand) or else telomerase DNA of gene
DNA would shorten with
each replication
ispermoeggli
I
* made in :
DNA to RNA a
transcription
template
·
germ cells promoter terminator
DD ·
·
stem cells reasons for MRNA :
momNA
& PNA-RNA binding is tempora se
cancer cells shifts over
lamplification many
·
· :
nokarotenements
one mRNA
· can attach to s'end of mRNAS start translation
conta
productions
:
can regulae a
now it is translatedA
* only parts of Put used as
only single strand made
templates
toftranscripta
proteins =
genes
transcription factor proteins promote or inhibit transcription (binds recruit RNA poly)
Eukaryotes -
5
Kamaldamagemin
Il bad replication
Se
exon1 intron exo n
,
① ends of pre-mRNA modified
stabilizes
3) selfish DNA
TRIPLETCODONO MRA NA -special uncleation t cap
mRNAs attaches to ribosome
·
poly A tail added to 3'end which
binds smallribosomalsubuiit is
·
bindstoproteinsthathelpstile
one
attaches etA Stop won
recrits large subunit binds release factor
which releases
protein
polypeptide
②removalofnoncodingintosremain
~
by splisosomes (proteinsS SURNA) FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS : Amino end normal ,
spicesosom mineO
·
StemtasSe
carboxyl end abnormal or truncated
A alternative splicing to get diff
inversion :
adding deletion : removing
same DNA
id/trNA mRNAs from the
in single base
POINT MUTATIONS :
change or loss a
exon 2
synonymous (silent) : codes for same amino acid
I
tRNA synthesase uses
mmm
* specific aminoacyl acid
to specific tRNAS missense :
wrong amino nonsense :
Stop codon
ATP to attach specific amino acds
&
-
* UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (UTRS) :
ON PLEOTROPIC :
single mutant effects many tissues o processes
regions where no translation occurs
MELOSIS n
haploid
GAMETES
naploid, i
71
:
FERTILIZATION :
Combines nucleus of eggs Sperm n = 23
homologous pair
H OMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES : same genes in same
&
locationsdifferent alleles,separatechromos
until
is REPLICATION (Sphase) homologouschromosome
a
turned centromere to make one chromosome -sperm In diploig
genes
yredi
which are chromatids
regulate
= Sister
on/off GREGOR MENDEL / ↳tradione chromad
aneyecel doesn'tneed
> to a a
* LAW OF SEGREG AMON gametes have one
:
MELOSIS FERTILIZATION MELOSIS I homologs separated
S
T St
allele or the other , not both . equal chance
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PROTEINS bind to specific DNA and
porment
increase or decrease expression of
nearby genes
*
OFINDEPENDANTASSORTMENT T
LAN
> directly indirectly safrect activity of but . 4 equally probable gametes ovary
Sisterchromatis
a
regulationas
fancywayof
LAC OPERON
I possiblegametsa
in ecoli bacteria adults
operon
determines
on
irs
empmupmptndividual
S
* genetic regulatory mechanism
· prompta tes deptrmness
·inbridcrossinetrogous
:
recruits
9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio
not genetic
SEX CHROMOSOMES :
genetic choice between Sperm or egg (1 pair)
wrapping up the e a
geneexpressionby
·
·
· vani,
ega
9) nolactoserepressorproteinbopmesnotahcripinSt
high glucose : no transcription (high glucose - low CAMP)
modifyhistonestomake
<
e
a
· one inactive X E
(DNA methylation)
MoMbipwichbinds topromote
low glucose :
> or modify DNA
SEX-LINKED GENES :
Only on X or Y chromosome
BARR BODIES : Inactive , very condensed (by histones) X chroms in XX cells
VARIATION WIOUT CELL DIVISION random choice of which to inactivate creates epigenic mosaic
Abtween homologous chromosome
>
·
test cross:x apart
A
TRANSFORMATION Specialized channels nemizygous for one other X
:
) act as or
*
take up DNA from outside then get
,
INCOMPLETE (CO) DOMINANCE :
Heterozygote has phenotype that is intermediate between that of homozygotes
incorporated into chromosome
2 / ratio (See both traits in hetero blood type
> neither is dominant <1 : : Tex :
transcents
CONJUGATION : pili pass plasmids -
POLYGENIC TRAIT :
one trait influenced by multiple genes leads to complex outcomes
fragments from chromosomes
.
(quantitative traits caused by polygenic inheritance (eX : skin color) TWIN TEST : is concordance higher in identical (same genes )
or fraternal (different genes) twins ?
u
EPISTASIS :
complex interactions between genes straits
&moreunidenticalgenetica both twins
7 A epistatic/dominates over BgC (example)
GENE DOSAGE
NEW MUTATIONS
GERM line mutations : inherited ; from the cells that make gametes
SOMATIC mutations : not passed to offspring ; only affect adult
EXPANDING MUTATIONS :
get worse in successive mutations
trinucleotide repeat
NONDISJUNCTION :the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
< trisomy : 3 of one chromosome (monosomy : 1 of one chromosome
I I I
· 13 ,
18 , 21 (autism) Survive after birth · none survive after birth
function ? they function in cells ?
X chromosome trisomy & monosomy don't really effect the cell
types of RNA Where do they How do
bodies
> no matter how many XS a cell has , only one is active and the others form Barr
a
1 NHERITANCE BY ORGANELLES
mitochondria s chloroplasts have their own circular DNA
mRNA
(messenger) prokamocytoplasmarregemeinffompranc MRNA is processed before leaving
-pinbinamssonmaternallyonlynotfrom e is
+ RNA
cytoplasm bringaminacidstoribosome duringaanticodon
eugenics : "improvement" of humans through selective reproduction (dark history (transfer)
forms structural s catalytical core of ribosomes ,
URNA
atlyzespeptidebondformation
facilitation
cribosomal) ribosomes
SURNA
nucleus /removeintronmmRNA parto
Splice xns
(small nuclear)
-
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