Class notes

Global Change

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Course
AP Environmental Geoscience

Institution
Junior / 11th Grade

These notes explore key concepts of global atmospheric changes, including ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and the impacts of climate change. They detail the science behind ozone layer formation and destruction, the role of greenhouse gases in global warming, and the long-term effects on eco...

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Uploaded on December 22, 2024
Number of pages 5
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) N/a
Contains Atmosphere unit

ozone
ozone depletion
ozone formation
ozone hole
montreal protocol
clean air act
paris agreement
greenhouse effect
global warming
sea levels
chlorofluorocarbons
ocean circulation
albedo
ice caps
oc
al

Institution Junior / 11th grade
Course AP Environmental Geoscience
School year 3

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INDEX
TOPIC Plobal change DATE 12 . □ 24
.

NOTE
Stratospheris OEone Depletion
-

witnin the stratosphere mostly w 2o km incoming Uu radiation from the sun is involved in the splifting
, ,

and peforming of ozone ( os )
s absorbs aa of the Ur from
radiatiom the san
,
whicn is
rery dangerous
s uV radiation exposure cam cause damage ranging from sumburm to skin cancer and cataracts
-

stratospheric ozone layer protects Eartn by absorbing UV radiation

1 .
UV A

longest length least energetic
-

;

-
can cause some damage to
living cells

-

transmitted to Earth

2 . UVB
-

intermediate wavelengtn
cacuse of ozone
problem
-

3 .
uVC

sbortast
wavelength mostenergetic
-

ozome Formation

0 + 0 ~ → 0

s
-

도
s

0.
No 고
→ 20
bo a
a 0 + 02 →
03
ozone shield : stratospheric ozone tmatabsorbs most( aas ) uV radiation : the 11 . ou B radiation that

reaches skim and damages crops and other
us causes cancer
organisms
-

How ozone is formed in the stratusphere :

UVe radiation splits or molecules into fres oxygen ( o )
.

02 + UVC yoto

some O combines with or to form ozome (o 3)

O + Oa → O 3

Ozone Destruction

oxygen atoms combine with O form
some to O
3 로

O + 037 02 + O일

-

oz absorbs urBand converts to oand Oc

O3 + UVB → 0 + Oc

causes of the Ozone Hole

of CFCs Cchlorofluorucarbons) Gost
s

cause for depletion was the increased 7o
-

ozone use in
primary '

-

CFCS :

s monreactire

snonflammable
s
nontoxis organic molecules

s
normally gaseous ,
but liauefy under
pressure
s were used as
refrigerants and propeslants tconsidered an advancement on carier
refrigerants
such as ammoia c which are toxics

s and
plastic foams , refrigerator , air conditions ,
aerosol cans

4 found become r altitudes
only after widespread use that cFCs unstable at where they
could be exposed to ur radiation from sun

4 pichlorod ' fluorometnane [ R 12
-

on CFC -

12 )
=
most common
prior
to ban

s Chlorod : fluoro methame Ltype of HCFC) → still used as re
frigerant in
developing countries

Anthropogemic ozone Destruction

1) photo -

dissosiation -

sun brealas up moreaule

Tricnlorofiuoromexname D, chlorocfluorolmetnyl anlorime

CFCI 3
→ CCI 2 F + 이

, INDEX
2) cnsorine breaks ozone '
s bonds +
pulls off one atorm of oxygen , forming a Co molecule and Oz

NOTE
O 3
+ CI → C1 O + Or

) Finallay free Ontom Bulls the from Clo liberating chlorine and
creating
3

,
a
oxygen atom ,
the

one oxsgen molecule :

Cloto → al + Oz
↑
( promotes wlo being used up )
acts as a
catalyst ran

s
every chlorine molecule lasts 4 o -
100 yrs in the air I aanbreas down 100 ,
000 0
s
molecules )

Infernational Agreement
1987 : Montreal bamned production of CFCS
pro tocol
-

s black mar kef for CFCS
-

cFCs are only I group of ozone
depleting chemicals

Free Cr stratw peaked around 199 g +
projested to declins for more than century
-

in .
a

wzone loss is projected to dimish slomly but willtake anotner t 00 -wo for full recovery
-

yrs

Beplacing CFCs

-

alteratives developed have their set of problems Lprimarily s most potemt oy δ '
)
own are
very s

1 a 2 Os 1950 s 199 Os 2010 s

1 1 1
λ > "
√
「
\
CFC chorofluurocarbon
'
HcFC :
hydrochlorofluoro carbon HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
:
IFO :
bydrofluoroolefin
-
rozone depletion -

↓ ozone deple tion
-

o ozone depletion -

0 ozone de pletion
-

n σ H potential -

oa σ H potential
-

n σ시 potential
-

very t 5 lH potential
Thc Jreenbouse Effect

earth atmospbere up of and Calong wI smal Cor CH 4 , and
'
s made N 0 water quantities of
-

, , rapor ,
a

number of other trace gases
* Jreem house effeat s natural process by whicn neat is trapped witnin atmosphere by these
green bouse gases
results in earen '
s
s averagetemp .being 33 c warmer than if there was no atmosphere
s
greenbouse gases ast as a thermal blanket around the ear th

Glets
sunlight in

s some solar energy is reflected before it reaches the surface and from the surface ,
but

some is reflested back to the Earth coH σ '
s absorb + release reflected energy , trapping it

in the atmosphere )
-

greenhouse gases act as a thermal blanket around the eartn , letting in sunlignt , but trapping the

heat that would radiate back into
normally space
Olobal
warming
-

fluctuation ' s in surface tem p . are normal ( result of climate shifts )

mid 2 oin century been on global warming
-

since surface temp nas
=
.

,

s consensus
by researcnersslobal warming isa result of r in atmospheric leveis of coz and

other antnropogenic greenbouse gases

Hao plays important part in
keeping eartn '
temp
-

an s stable

7 water inflnenced earth s
'

vapor is by temp ,

.
n in
temp .
=
h water to
erapurate [ can ennance
warming effest of otner JH σ
'
s )

lived
'
.

is
very short unlike other oHo s because water aycles from the atmos . and back
'
sources Of OH 8 s

renicles ), ;combustion o f coalfwoodl oit ; burning
Majorsources of cor : exnaust[ rainforest( carbory sinks )
-

-

Cl 4 major sources :
plant debris ,
landfills ; belching f flatus of cattle ; saturated soils lex ; rice

paddy fields ] : AJREATEST beat -

trapping ability
-

CFCs :
leaking coolant from fridges , leaking coolant from air cons
-

Nitrous oxide :
car exhaust
( BAD ) triggered by exhaust ( smog)
tropospheric
:
ozone car
-

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