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Case 28 Aquifer With Complete Solutions Updated 2024 Define dyspnea - Dyspnea is defined as an uncomfortable awareness of breathing. Any problem in the mechanical system of breathing can trigger dyspnea, including (but not limited to): blockage in the nose, fluid in the alveoli, irritation of ...

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  • December 26, 2024
  • 9
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • Aquifer
  • Aquifer
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KatelynWhitman
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Case 28 Aquifer With Complete
Solutions Updated 2024

Define dyspnea - ✔✔Dyspnea is defined as an uncomfortable awareness of breathing.

Any problem in the mechanical system of breathing can trigger dyspnea, including (but

not limited to):


blockage in the nose, fluid in the alveoli, irritation of the diaphragm.


What are cardiac causes of dyspnea? - ✔✔Congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary

artery disease (CAD), dysrhythmia, pericarditis, acute myocardial infarction


What are hematologic causes of dyspnea? - ✔✔Anemia


What are pulmonary causes of dyspnea? - ✔✔Obstructive lung disease: COPD, asthma,

bronchitis


Diseases of lung parenchyma & pleura: pneumonia, pleural effusion, cancer involving

the lungs, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, restrictive lung disease, interstitial lung

disease


Pulmonary vascular disease: pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension


Obstruction of the airway: GERD with aspiration, foreign body aspiration




Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.

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Environmental irritants and allergens: dust or chemical


What are psychogenic causes of dyspnea? - ✔✔Panic attacks and hyperventilation


What are other causes of dyspnea? - ✔✔Deconditioning, neuromuscular conditions

(ALS, MG, GBS), metabolic (carbon monoxide, anion / non anion gap acidosis)


Define orthopnea - ✔✔Dyspnea which occurs when lying flat, forcing the person to

have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair. It is commonly measured

according to the number of pillows needed to prop the patient up to enable breathing

(Example: "three pillow orthopnea").


Define paroxysmal noctural dyspnea - ✔✔- Sudden, severe shortness of breath at night

that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing.


- It is most closely associated with congestive heart failure.


- PND commonly occurs several hours after a person with heart failure has fallen

asleep. PND is often relieved by sitting upright, but not as quickly as simple orthopnea.

Also unlike orthopnea, it does not develop immediately upon lying down.


What's the difference b/w acute vs chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔Acute: Productive cough

lasting 1-3 weeks


Chronic: Productive cough for at least three months for the past two years


What are classic findings of COPD physical exam? - ✔✔- Increased anteroposterior (AP)

diameter of the chest - Decreased diaphragmatic excursion


Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.

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