These are full and comprehensive notes, aimed at 1st years who are studying biological sciences or biochemistry.
They are notes based on the lecture content of Imperial College London's Biochemistry 1st year module, Cell Biology.
These notes cover topics such as:
- cell membranes
- extracellular ...
CHAPTER 09 VISUALIZING CELLS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, SIXTH EDITION BRUCE ALBERTS TEST BANK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY A+
6th Edition Test Bank For Molecular Biology of the Cell,Bruce Alberts Test Bank For Molecular Biology of the Cell,6th Edition Bruce Alberts
TEST BANK MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, 7TH EDITION BRUCE ALBERTS Molecular Biology Of The Cell, 7th Seventh Edition, Bruce Alberts Current Edition Test Bank
All for this textbook (17)
Written for
Imperial College London (ICL)
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
All documents for this subject (1)
Seller
Follow
rosiemwood
Content preview
Autumn Term 2019
Cell Biology
Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
,Contents
L3: Techniques (AH) ................................................................................................................................ 6
L5: Introduction to Cell Membranes (AH) ............................................................................................. 11
How Are Membranes Used by Cells? ................................................................................................ 11
What Are Cell Membranes Made Of? ............................................................................................... 12
Amphipathic Lipids and Their Influence on Properties of Cell Membranes ..................................... 12
Membrane Fluidity............................................................................................................................ 13
Role of Water in Cell Membrane Function ....................................................................................... 15
Fluidity of Lipid Bilayer Depends on its Composition ....................................................................... 15
Lipid Asymmetry ............................................................................................................................... 16
Membrane Proteins .......................................................................................................................... 17
Glycosylated Membrane Proteins..................................................................................................... 19
L6: Introduction to Extracellular Matrix (AH) ....................................................................................... 21
Introduction to ECM ......................................................................................................................... 21
How Is the ECM Made? ..................................................................................................................... 22
3 Major Classes of ECM Macromolecules ......................................................................................... 22
Composition and Functions of the Basal Lamina and other ECM ..................................................... 26
L7: Cell Signalling (AH) .......................................................................................................................... 29
Introduction to Cell Signalling & Features of a Typical Cell Signalling Pathway ............................... 29
Cell Signals Receptors ....................................................................................................................... 30
Nuclear Receptor and Cell Surface Receptor Signalling.................................................................... 34
Intracellular Molecular Signalling Switch Action .............................................................................. 34
L8: Cell Compartments and Architecture (JB) ....................................................................................... 38
Organisation of the Eukaryotic Cell .................................................................................................. 38
Functions and Roles of Each Compartment in the Cell ..................................................................... 39
The Evolutionary Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell ................................................................................. 40
L9: The Nucleus (JB) .............................................................................................................................. 42
Architecture and Organisation of the Nucleus ................................................................................. 42
Movement of Proteins Between Organelles..................................................................................... 43
Architecture and Organisation of the Nuclear Pore Complex .......................................................... 43
Key Studies that Led to the Discovery of Active Nuclear Transport ................................................. 44
Nuclear Localisation Signals (NLS) .................................................................................................... 44
The RAN GTPase Cycle for Import/Export ........................................................................................ 45
Different Models for How Transport Through the NPC Might Work ............................................... 48
L10: Secretion (JB) ................................................................................................................................. 50
Structure and Functions of the RER and SER .................................................................................... 50
1
, Secretory Pathway ............................................................................................................................ 51
Different Mechanisms of Translocation ........................................................................................... 51
How the Sec Translocon Works ........................................................................................................ 55
Different Types of Membrane Proteins and the ER Membrane ....................................................... 57
L11: The Golgi (JB) ................................................................................................................................. 60
Structure and Function of the Golgi ................................................................................................. 60
Modifications that Occur in the Golgi ............................................................................................... 63
Structure and Function of the Lysosome .......................................................................................... 64
Routes to the Lysosome .................................................................................................................... 66
Failure of Activity in the Lysosome and Severe Genetic Disorders .................................................. 67
L12: Vesicles (JB) ................................................................................................................................... 69
Roles of COPI, COPII and Clathrin ..................................................................................................... 69
How Do Vesicle Trafficking Machineries Work? ............................................................................... 70
Vesicle Fusion with the Target .......................................................................................................... 74
Secretion of Proteins to Outside World ............................................................................................ 76
L13: Exocytosis (AH) .............................................................................................................................. 77
Introduction to Exocytosis ................................................................................................................ 77
Functions of Exocytosis ..................................................................................................................... 77
Two Main Types of Exocytosis .......................................................................................................... 78
Basic Mechanism of Constitutive and Regulated Exocytosis ............................................................ 78
Clinical Relevance of Exocytosis ........................................................................................................ 81
L14: Endocytosis (AH) ........................................................................................................................... 82
Introduction to Endocytosis .............................................................................................................. 82
Functions and Types of Endocytosis ................................................................................................. 83
Clinical Relevance.............................................................................................................................. 88
L15 & 16: Cell Cycle (DM)...................................................................................................................... 89
Introduction to the Cell Cycle ........................................................................................................... 89
Key Events in Eukaryotic Cell Cycle ................................................................................................... 89
Cytoskeletal Changes Underlying M Phase – Chromosome Migration ............................................ 98
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression................................................................................................. 99
How Growth Factors Regulate the Restriction Point ...................................................................... 104
L17: Apoptosis (DM)............................................................................................................................ 106
Key Differences Between Apoptosis and Necrosis ......................................................................... 106
Regulators and Mediators of Apoptosis ......................................................................................... 107
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways Leading to Apoptosis ................................................................... 108
Characteristics of Apoptosis ........................................................................................................... 111
2
, L18 & 19: Cancer (DM) ........................................................................................................................ 113
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 113
Main Causes of Cancer.................................................................................................................... 116
Importance of Clonal Selection in Tumour Progression ................................................................. 118
Oncogenes & Tumour Suppressor Genes ....................................................................................... 119
Use of Viruses in Understanding Cancer Biology ............................................................................ 120
Molecular Functions of Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes.............................................. 124
L20: Peroxisomes (AH) ........................................................................................................................ 125
Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 125
How Are They Made?...................................................................................................................... 126
Protein Import into Peroxisomes .................................................................................................... 127
Oxidation of Amino Acids & Fatty Acids ......................................................................................... 127
Other Peroxisome Functions/Processes ......................................................................................... 127
Clinical Importance of Peroxisomes................................................................................................ 128
L21: The Core Cytoskeleton of Cells (JB) ............................................................................................. 129
How the Cytoskeleton Is Built Up ................................................................................................... 129
Functions of the Cytoskeleton ........................................................................................................ 130
Intermediate Filaments................................................................................................................... 130
Actin ................................................................................................................................................ 132
Microtubules ................................................................................................................................... 133
Dynamics Require Energy and Polarity ........................................................................................... 134
Phases of a Dynamic Filament ........................................................................................................ 134
Critical Concentration ..................................................................................................................... 135
Treadmilling .................................................................................................................................... 136
Dynamic Instability.......................................................................................................................... 138
Why be Dynamic? ........................................................................................................................... 138
Principles of Cytoskeleton Function and Evolution ........................................................................ 139
L22: Regulation of the Cytoskeleton (JB) ............................................................................................ 140
Phases of a Dynamic Filament ........................................................................................................ 140
Nucleation ....................................................................................................................................... 140
Microtubule Organising Centre (MTOC) ......................................................................................... 142
Actin Binding Proteins ..................................................................................................................... 144
Microtubule Binding Proteins ......................................................................................................... 148
L23: Molecular Motors (JB) ................................................................................................................. 152
Molecular Motors ........................................................................................................................... 152
Myosin Motors ................................................................................................................................ 152
3
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller rosiemwood. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $48.00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
