MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2024
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANSWER-o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANSWER-o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANSWER-Normal cells are damaged and
irreversible
Promotion - ANSWER-Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANSWER-Increase in production of malignant cells
,Metastasis - ANSWER-Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANSWER-cancer development
Cancer classification - ANSWER-o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANSWER-Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of
mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Benign cells - ANSWER-Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
time
Benign Cell Features - ANSWER-o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
,o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANSWER-healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANSWER-o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANSWER-indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
tissues and result in death
, Malignant cell features - ANSWER-o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Ploidy - ANSWER-Number of chromosomes
Staging - ANSWER-How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANSWER-o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - ANSWER-Period of time required for that
quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANSWER-o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANSWER-o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANSWER-Normal cells are damaged and
irreversible
Promotion - ANSWER-Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANSWER-Increase in production of malignant cells
,Metastasis - ANSWER-Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANSWER-cancer development
Cancer classification - ANSWER-o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANSWER-Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of
mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Benign cells - ANSWER-Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong
time
Benign Cell Features - ANSWER-o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
,o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANSWER-healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANSWER-o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANSWER-indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body
tissues and result in death
, Malignant cell features - ANSWER-o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Ploidy - ANSWER-Number of chromosomes
Staging - ANSWER-How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANSWER-o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - ANSWER-Period of time required for that
quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
