PSY 222 Research Methods in Psychology Project
One PASSED 2024-2025 Southern New Hampshire
University
Project One
Southern New Hampshire
University
PSY 222: Research Methods in
Psychology Stasia Herbert-
Mczeal December 18, 2024
, 2
Project
One Topic: Income and happiness for adults in
the U.S.
1. Determine the plan’s background introduction. Include the following details:
• The title of the plan
• A summary of three relevant empirical and scholarly research studies
for the plan. Each summary should be about 150–250 words.
The title of this research plan is: Happiness and Income Among Adults: Does
income directly affect the happiness of adults in the U.S.?
Killingsworth, M. A. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even
above
$75,000 per year. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 118(4), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016976118
This article aimed to explore the relationship between money and an
individual's overall well-being. This is an empirical and quantitative study
that relied on self- report survey answers from their participants. The
authors state that research distinguishes between two forms of well-being:
people's feelings during the moments of life (experienced well-being) and
people's evaluation of their lives when they pause and reflect (evaluative
well-being). (Killingsworth, M. A. 2021.) They had a very large sample size
of over 1 million surveys from their 33,000 participants, comprised of
employed men and women with the median age being 33 years old. The
participants were provided informed consent of the study and completed
an initial intake survey. This initial intake survey asked the participants
how many times throughout the day they would like to report on their
experiences. This prompted randomized times for each participant to then
receive a notification on their phone to answer the survey questions
regarding their current experiences and well-being. At the completion of
the study, researchers found that "larger incomes were robustly
associated with both greater experienced well-being and greater
evaluative well-being." (Killingsworth, M.A. 2021.) The results are then
broken down even further, to show the differences between income levels,
positive and negative feelings, etc. Killingsworth finishes off explaining his
results by saying "the current results show that larger incomes were
robustly associated with greater well-being.
Contrary to past research, there was no evidence for a plateau around
$75,000, with experienced well-being instead continuing to climb across
income range." (Killingsworth, M.A. 2021.)
DeVoe, S. E., & Pfeffer, J. (2009). When Is Happiness About How Much You
Earn? The Effect of Hourly Payment on the Money-Happiness Connection.
PERSONALITY
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