Class notes
BIOL 2401 Cytoplasm Lecture Notes
- Course
- BIOL 2401
- Institution
- Tarleton State University
This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Cytoplasm for Biol 2401. *An Essential Study Resource!!
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Cytoplasmo All cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus
Composed of:
Cytosol: gel-like solution made up of water and
soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars,
etc.
Inclusions: insoluble molecules; vary with cell type
(examples: glycogen granules, pigments, lipid
droplets, vacuoles, crystals)
Organelles
Metabolic machinery structures of cell; each with specialized function;
either membranous or nonmembranous
___Membranous______________________
o Nucleus
o Mitochondria
o Endoplasmic reticulum
o Golgi apparatus
o Peroxisomes
o Lysosomes
___Nonmembranous______________________
o Ribosomes
o Cytoskeleton
o Centrioles
Membranous organelles:
1) ___Nucleus______________________
o Largest organelle; contains the genetic library of blueprints for synthesis
of nearly all cellular proteins
Responds to signals that dictate the kinds and amounts of
proteins that need to be synthesized
o The nucleus has three main structures:
A. ____Nuclear envelope_____________________
Double-membrane barrier that encloses the jelly-
like fluid, the nucleoplasm
_______Nuclear pores__________________ allow
substances to pass into and out of nucleus;
B. ___Nucleolus______________________
, Dark-staining spherical body within nucleus that is
involved in ribosomal (RNA) synthesis
C. ___Chromatin______________________
The genetic material (DNA)
Uncoiled DNA
__Chromosomes_____ are condensed chromatin
2) _____Mitochondria____________________
o Called the “power plant” of cells because they produce most of cell’s
energy molecules (ATP) via aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular
respiration
o Enclosed by double membranes
o Mitochondria contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
o Resemble bacteria; capable of same type of cell division bacteria use,
called fission
3) ______Endoplasmic Retculum___________________
o Consists of series of parallel, flattened membranous tubes that enclose
fluid-filled interiors
o Is continuous with nuclear membrane
o Two types:
A. ____Rough ER_____________________
External surface appears rough because it is studded
with ________ribosomes_______________
Site of synthesis of proteins
B. _____Smooth ER____________________
Network of looped tubules continuous with rough ER
________Lacks ribosomes_________________
Functions in lipid synthesis, detoxification, etc.
4) ______Golgi apparatus___________________
o Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
o Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from
rough ER
5) _______Peroxisomes__________________
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