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WGU D236 PATHO - MEGAN/SHAY’S STUDY GUIDES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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WGU D236 PATHO - MEGAN/SHAY’S STUDY GUIDES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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WGU D236 PATHO - MEGAN/SHAY’SSTUDY GUIDES QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Whatsmissmthesmprimarysmdeterminantsmofsmoncoticsmpressure?sm-smanswer--Albumin
Formsmofsmosmoticsmpressuresmexertedsmbysmproteinssm-smanswer--OncoticsmPressure
Whatsmissmthesmdifferencesmbetweensmadultsmandsmchildsmimmunity?sm-smanswer--
NaivesmTsmCells
Fluidsmandsmelectrolytesmlevelssmaresmregulatedsmbysm_________________,smwhichsmreg
ulatessmactionssmsuchsmassmthirst,smADH,smthesmkidneys,smandsmRAAS.sm-smanswer--
Osmoreceptors
Whatsmaresmthesmcausessmofsmdehydration?sm-smanswer--#Excessivesmloss
#Inadequatesmintake
#Both
Whatsms/sxsmaresmassociatedsmwithsmdehydration?sm-smanswer--
#Drysmmucoussmmembranes
#Decreasedsmskinsmturgor
#Decreasedsmurinesmoutput
#Lowsmbloodsmpressure
#Tachycardia
#Weaksmheartsmrate
#Confusion
AsmpatientsmwithsmasmviralsmillnesssmandsmseveresmvomitingsmhassmansmelevatedsmCO2smlev
elsmandsmpHsmofsm7.53.smShesmissmbreathingsmslowly.smWhatsmconditionsmdoessmshesmhave
?sm-smanswer--Metabolicsmalkalosis
Thesmpatient'ssmpHsmandsmCO2smlevelssmaresmbothsmelevatedsm(movingsminsmthesmsamesmd
irection).smThissmindicatessmmetabolicsmalkalosis.smThesmCO2smlevelsmissmhighsmbecauses
mhersmrespiratorysmsystemsmissmattemptingsmtosmcompensatesmforsmthesmhighsmpHsmbysmex
halingsmlesssmandsmretainingsmmoresmCO2.
NormalsmCO2smlevelsm-smanswer--35-45
NormalsmpHsmlevelsm-smanswer--7.35-7.45
NormalsmHCO3smlevelsm-smanswer--22-26
,Michael'ssmpulmonarysmedemasmleadssmtosmrespiratorysmacidosis.smHowsmdoessmpHsmimp
actsmMichael'ssmbasalsmmetabolicsmpanel?smChoosesm3smanswers.
HissmCO2smlevelsmissmincreasedsmbecausesmhissmlungssmhavesmdifficultysmremovingsmitsmfr
omsmthesmbloodstream.
HissmcalciumsmlevelsmissmreducedsmbecausesmthesmelevatedsmconcentrationsmofsmH+smmak
essmitsmeasiersmforsmCa+smtosmbindsmtosmalbumin.
HissmCO2smlevelsmissmdecreasedsmbecausesmhissmlungssmhavesmdifficultysmaddingsmitsmintos
mthesmbloodstream.
Hissmsodiumsmlevelsmissmdecreasedsmduesmtosmhypervolemia.
HissmK+smissmelevatedsmbecause,smassmH+smmovessminsidesmofsmcellssminsmansmattemptsmto
smgetsmitsmoutsmofsmthesmbloodstream,smK+smmovessmfromsmcellssmintosmthesmbloodstream.sm
-smanswer--
HissmCO2smlevelsmissmincreasedsmbecausesmhissmlungssmhavesmdifficultysmremovingsmitsmfr
omsmthesmbloodstream.
Hissmsodiumsmlevelsmissmdecreasedsmduesmtosmhypervolemia.
HissmK+smissmelevatedsmbecause,smassmH+smmovessminsidesmofsmcellssminsmansmattemptsmto
smgetsmitsmoutsmofsmthesmbloodstream,smK+smmovessmfromsmcellssmintosmthesmbloodstream.
Asmhormonesmpanelsmwassmdonesmonsmasmpatientsmwithsmcongestivesmheartsmfailuresmands
mfluidsmvolumesmoverload.smWhichsmelevatedsmhormonesmonsmthesmpatient'ssmchartsmissmin
dicativesmofsmthesmbody'ssmattemptsmtosmreducesmthesmfluidsmoverload?
Antidiureticsmhormonesm(ADH)
Brainsmnatriureticsmpeptidesm(BNP)
Aldosterone
Reninsm-smanswer--BNP
BNPsmissmreleasedsmwhensmfluidsmvolumesmexcesssmissmpresent.
Normalsmsodiumsmlevelsm-smanswer--135-145
Hyponatremiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sx?sm-smanswer--Nasm<sm135
Losssmofsmenergysmorsmfatigue
Nauseasmandsmvomiting
Headache
Confusion
Musclesmspasms
Lowsmbloodsmpressure
,Darksmscantysmurine
Irritability,smdisorientationsmandsmneurologicalsmmanifestations
Seizures
Hypernatremiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sxsm-smanswer--Nasm>sm145
Excessivesmthirst
Extremesmfatigue
Confusion
Musclesmtwitchingsmorsmspasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normalsmpotassiumsmlevelsm-smanswer--3.5-5.0
Hypokalemiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sxsm-smanswer--Ksm<sm3.5
#Musclesmfatigue/cramping
#Nausea,smvomiting,smconstipation
#Cardiacsmdysrhythmias
#Paresthesiasm(numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sx?sm-smanswer--Ksm>sm5.0
Musclesmweakness/paralysis
Paresthesiasm(numbness/tingling)
Cardiacsmdysrhythmias
Cardiacsmarrest/MI
Normalsmcalciumsmlevelsm-smanswer--8.5-10.5
Hypocalcemiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sx?sm-smanswer--
Calciumsm<sm8.5
Overexcitabilitysmofsmthesmmuscles
Musclesmtwitching
Paresthesiasm(numbness/tingling)
ChvosteksmandsmTrousseausmsignsm(twitchingsmonsmthesmcheeksmwhensmtouched)
Cardiacsmdysrhythmias
Hypercalcemiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sx?sm-smanswer--
Calciumsm>sm10.5
Musclesmweakness
Losssmofsmmusclesmtone
Spontaneoussmfractures
Kidneysmstones
Cardiacsmdysrhythmias
Normalsmmagnesiumsmlevelsm-smanswer--1.6-2.6
, Hypomagnesemiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sx?sm-smanswer--
Magnesiumsmlevelsm<sm1.6
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Musclesmcramps
Irregularsmheartsmbeat
Hypermagnesemiasmissmindicatedsmbysmwhatsmlabsmresult?smS/Sx?sm-smanswer--
Magnesiumsmlevelsm>sm2.6
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratorysmdepression
N/V
Slow/Irregularsmheartsmbeat
Tay-SachssmDiseasesm-smanswer--
Ansmautosomalsmrecessivesminheritedsmgeneticsmdisordersmcausedsmbysmasmrecessivesmall
elesm(chromosomesm15)smthatsmleadssmtosmthesmaccumulationsmofsmcertainsmlipidssminsmthes
mbrain.smSeizures,smblindness,smandsmdegenerationsmofsmmotorsmandsmmentalsmperforma
ncesmusuallysmbecomesmmanifestsmasmfewsmmonthssmaftersmbirth,smfollowedsmbysmdeathsm
withinsmasmfewsmyears.
MarfansmSyndromesm-smanswer--
Inheritedsmautosomalsmdominantsmtraitsm(onlysmonesmabnormalsmcopysmofsmthesmMarfansm
genesminheritedsmfromsmonesmparent)smFBN1smgene.smGeneticsmconnectivesmtissuesmdiso
rdersmthatsmcansmaffectsmaortasmandsmheartsmvalvesmstructures.
**IfsmonesmparentsmhassmMarfansmsyndrome,smeachsmchildsmhassmasm50%smchancesmofsmin
heritingsmthesmabnormalsmgenesmandsmdevelopingsmthesmcondition.smIfsmbothsmparentssmha
vesmthesmcondition,smthesmrisksmofsmtheirsmchildsminheritingsmthesmabnormalsmgenesmandsmd
evelopingsmMarfansmsyndromesmincreasessmtosm75%.
TurnersmSyndromesm-smanswer--
AsmchromosomalsmdisordersminsmfemalessminsmwhichsmeithersmansmXsmchromosomesmissmm
issing,smmakingsmthesmpersonsmXOsminsteadsmofsmXX,smorsmpartsmofsmonesmXsmchromosom
esmissmdeleted.
Underdevelopedsmovariessm(sterile)
Shortsmstaturesm(undersm4'sm7")
Amenorrhea
Webbingsmofsmthesmneck
Edema
Underdevelopedsmbreasts/widesmnipples
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