1. Which of the following is the most common side effect of opioid analgesics?
A) Hypertension
B) Sedation
C) Diarrhea
D) Increased heart rate
Answer: B) Sedation
Rationale: Opioid analgesics, such as morphine and oxycodone, frequently cause
sedation as a side effect due to their central nervous system depressant effects.
They can also lead to respiratory depression, but sedation is the most common
and expected effect.
2. What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
A) Inhibit dopamine reuptake
B) Increase the release of norepinephrine
C) Enhance the effect of GABA
D) Block serotonin receptors
Answer: C) Enhance the effect of GABA
Rationale: Benzodiazepines work by binding to the GABA-A receptor, enhancing
the inhibitory effect of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). This results in CNS
depression, which has calming, anxiolytic, and sedative effects.
3. Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension by inhibiting the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
A) Beta-blockers
B) ACE inhibitors
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Diuretics
Answer: B) ACE inhibitors
,Rationale: ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril, inhibit the enzyme angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE), reducing the production of angiotensin II, a potent
vasoconstrictor. This helps lower blood pressure and reduces the workload on the
heart.
4. Which of the following medications is most commonly used for the
management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
A) Insulin
B) Metformin
C) Glucagon
D) Levothyroxine
Answer: B) Metformin
Rationale: Metformin is the first-line medication used for managing Type 2
diabetes mellitus. It works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and
improving insulin sensitivity.
5. A patient is prescribed an antibiotic for a urinary tract infection. Which of the
following antibiotics is a first-line treatment for uncomplicated UTI?
A) Ciprofloxacin
B) Amoxicillin
C) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
D) Doxycycline
Answer: C) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Rationale: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is often used as a first-line treatment
for uncomplicated urinary tract infections due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial
activity and effectiveness against common UTI pathogens.
6. Which of the following is a potential side effect of high-dose corticosteroid
therapy?
, A) Hypoglycemia
B) Osteoporosis
C) Hypertension
D) Both B and C
Answer: D) Both B and C
Rationale: High-dose corticosteroids can cause a range of side effects, including
osteoporosis (due to decreased calcium absorption and bone resorption) and
hypertension (due to sodium retention and increased blood volume).
Hypoglycemia is not a typical side effect of corticosteroids.
7. What is the primary mechanism of action of statins in the treatment of
hyperlipidemia?
A) Increase LDL receptor activity
B) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
C) Decrease VLDL production
D) Enhance triglyceride breakdown
Answer: B) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Rationale: Statins, such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, work by inhibiting HMG-
CoA reductase, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This
reduces serum cholesterol levels, particularly LDL cholesterol.
8. Which of the following medications is an example of a selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Amitriptyline
C) Nortriptyline
D) Imipramine
Answer: A) Fluoxetine
A) Hypertension
B) Sedation
C) Diarrhea
D) Increased heart rate
Answer: B) Sedation
Rationale: Opioid analgesics, such as morphine and oxycodone, frequently cause
sedation as a side effect due to their central nervous system depressant effects.
They can also lead to respiratory depression, but sedation is the most common
and expected effect.
2. What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
A) Inhibit dopamine reuptake
B) Increase the release of norepinephrine
C) Enhance the effect of GABA
D) Block serotonin receptors
Answer: C) Enhance the effect of GABA
Rationale: Benzodiazepines work by binding to the GABA-A receptor, enhancing
the inhibitory effect of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). This results in CNS
depression, which has calming, anxiolytic, and sedative effects.
3. Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension by inhibiting the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
A) Beta-blockers
B) ACE inhibitors
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Diuretics
Answer: B) ACE inhibitors
,Rationale: ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril, inhibit the enzyme angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE), reducing the production of angiotensin II, a potent
vasoconstrictor. This helps lower blood pressure and reduces the workload on the
heart.
4. Which of the following medications is most commonly used for the
management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
A) Insulin
B) Metformin
C) Glucagon
D) Levothyroxine
Answer: B) Metformin
Rationale: Metformin is the first-line medication used for managing Type 2
diabetes mellitus. It works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and
improving insulin sensitivity.
5. A patient is prescribed an antibiotic for a urinary tract infection. Which of the
following antibiotics is a first-line treatment for uncomplicated UTI?
A) Ciprofloxacin
B) Amoxicillin
C) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
D) Doxycycline
Answer: C) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Rationale: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is often used as a first-line treatment
for uncomplicated urinary tract infections due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial
activity and effectiveness against common UTI pathogens.
6. Which of the following is a potential side effect of high-dose corticosteroid
therapy?
, A) Hypoglycemia
B) Osteoporosis
C) Hypertension
D) Both B and C
Answer: D) Both B and C
Rationale: High-dose corticosteroids can cause a range of side effects, including
osteoporosis (due to decreased calcium absorption and bone resorption) and
hypertension (due to sodium retention and increased blood volume).
Hypoglycemia is not a typical side effect of corticosteroids.
7. What is the primary mechanism of action of statins in the treatment of
hyperlipidemia?
A) Increase LDL receptor activity
B) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
C) Decrease VLDL production
D) Enhance triglyceride breakdown
Answer: B) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Rationale: Statins, such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, work by inhibiting HMG-
CoA reductase, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This
reduces serum cholesterol levels, particularly LDL cholesterol.
8. Which of the following medications is an example of a selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?
A) Fluoxetine
B) Amitriptyline
C) Nortriptyline
D) Imipramine
Answer: A) Fluoxetine
