1. Stationary Phase - ANS ✓rate of cell inhibition and cell death balances
the rate of multiplication and population size remains constant - the
population enters survival mode
2. Death Phase - ANS ✓population declines as death of cells exceeds the rate
of multiplication - limiting factors intensify and cells die at an exponential
rate
3. When is the best time to treat someone with antibiotics? - ANS
✓During the exponential phase because the cells are more vulnerable in
this phase
4. Metabolism - ANS ✓All chemical reactions and physical workings of the
cell - this includes building things up and breaking things down
5. Catabolism - ANS ✓breaking things down
6. Anabolism - ANS ✓building things up
7. Biosynthesis - ANS ✓taking smaller molecules and building them into
larger molecules
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8. Enzymes - ANS ✓Enzymes: made up of proteins and sometimes RNAs -
they will speed up the chemical reactions that are neither used or
destroyed in the chemical reaction (catalyst)
9. What do enzymes do? - ANS ✓lowers the activation energy - speeding up
the reaction and making it easier to occur
10. Cofactor - ANS ✓A nonprotein metal molecule or ion that is
required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.
11. coenzyme - ANS ✓an organic cofactor required for enzyme activity
ex: vitamins
12. Oxidoreductases - ANS ✓catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
that involve the transfer of electrons
13. Oxidation - ANS ✓loss of electrons
14. Reduction - ANS ✓gain of electrons
15. NAD and FAD - ANS ✓are electron carriers (coenzyme carriers)
16. constitutive enzymes - ANS ✓always present, always produced in
equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount of substrate
17. Regulated enzymes - ANS ✓not constantly present; production is
turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in
the substrate concentration
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18. Competitive inhibition - ANS ✓A molecule that resembles the
substrate occupies the active site, preventing the substrate from binding
Enzyme cannot act on the inhibitor and is effectively shut down
19. enzymatic repression - ANS ✓represses at the genetic (DNA) level
to stop enzyme production, and therefore, activity
20. Denaturation - ANS ✓A process in which a protein unravels, losing
its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH
or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation
of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.
21. noncompetitive inhibitor - ANS ✓A substance that reduces the
activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere
on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the
enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the
conversion of substrate to product.
22. NAD - ANS ✓Most common electron carrier
Carries hydrogens and electrons from dehydrogenation reactions
23. aerobic metabolism - ANS ✓The cellular process in which oxygen
is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner
with minimal waste products.
24. anaerobic metabolism - ANS ✓The cellular process in which
glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in
an inefficient manner with many waste products.
BIOS 242
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