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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: EXAM (CHAPTERS 1-4) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: EXAM (CHAPTERS 1-4) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: EXAM(CHAPTERS 1-4) QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Possible model of attention - Answer--attention selects a region of space (like a
spotlight)
-info in selected region influences response selection
lower limit to spatial resolution of attentional focus
-this attentional focus can only get so small
-flankers inside or outside of the spotlight
Types of Data: Accuracy example - Answer--plate, leaf, shoe, cabin, bed, ice, barn,
fence
-primacy and recency effect
Neurons - Answer--cells specialized to create, receive, and transmit information in
nervous system
-dendrites
-cell body
-axon
Dendrites - Answer--expands cell body, can receive more synapses
Action Potential - Answer--neuron receives a signal
-information travels down the axon of that neuron to the dendrites of another neuron
Measuring action potentials - Answer--micro electrodes pick up electric signal
-comparing charge inside and outside of neuron
-potential typically -70mv at resting state
Propagation of action potential - Answer--depolarization occurs when Na+ ion channels
open, allowing positive ions to enter the cell
-depolarization at one location on axon leads to opening of Na+ channels at
neighbouring locations
-depolarization spreads down axon
-myelin sheath spreads signal transmission
-signal jumps from node to node
Measuring action potentials - Answer--the size is NOT measured; size remains
consistent
-the rate of firing is measured
Low intensities => - Answer-Slow firing rate
,High intensities => - Answer-Fast firing rate
Synapse - Answer-space between axon terminal buttons of one neuron and dendrite or
cell body of another
When the action potential reaches the end of the axon... - Answer-synaptic vesicles
open and release chemical neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters influence... - Answer-response of receiving neuron
-act to increase or decrease
Representation in the Brain - Answer--Mind creates representations of your
environment
-Hubel and Wiesel (1960s)
Mind creates representations of your environment - Answer--Distal stimulus
-Proximal stimulus
Distal stimulus - Answer-Actual object in environment
Proximal stimulus - Answer-energy reaching sensory receptors
Sensory receptors convert energy (proximal stimulus) into... - Answer-neural response
Pattern of neural activation - Answer--which neurons are activated (and how much)
-this forms your representation of what is present in environment
-ex. I see his water bottle, but the bottle isn't actually in my head
Hubel and Weisel (1960s) - Answer--single cell recordings
-studied neurons in primary visual cortex
-first cortical area that receives visual information
-discovered feature detectors
Feature Detectors - Answer--neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus
-in this case: specific orientation of edge (the cat)
-other examples of feature detectors
-size
-motion
-color
-ex. the orange cat with the blue background
Hierarchical Processing - Answer--when we perceive different objects, we do so in a
specific order that moves from lower to higher areas of the brain
-simple features
, How do responses of neurons represent objects? - Answer--specificity coding
-population coding
-sparce coding
Specificity coding - Answer--specific object activates a specific neuron; which neuron is
active indicates what object is present (doesn't deal with neural loss)
Population coding - Answer--specific object activates a population of neurons to
different degrees; pattern of activation indicates what object is present.
Sparce coding - Answer--population coding with smaller number of neurons in each
pattern
Brain Imaging: fMRI - Answer--Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
-tracks blood flow in brain (oxygenation levels)
-correlated to neural activity
Brain Imaging: PET - Answer--Position Emission Tomography
-Inject radioactive tracer into blood
-typically glucose
-active parts of brain need more glucose
-more radioactive tracer accumulates there
-think of bicep curl example
-PET scan monitors locations where radioactive tracer is decaying
-used to create 3-D map of activity
-more tracer= more active brain area
Brain Imaging: Diffusion Tensor Imaging - Answer--DTI: tracks diffusion of water
molecules
-able to create a map of white matter tracts
-white matter: myelinated axons
-connections between different cortical areas
-synesthesia example
Brain Imaging: EEG's - Answer--Recording of electrical potential at scalp
-electroencephalogram (EEG)
-plotting difference in potential between two electrodes (referent electrode)
-sensitive to state
-excited, drowsy, deep sleep, coma, etc.
Brain Imaging: Event Related Potentials (ERP's) - Answer--EEG contains mix of all
brain activity
-ERP- isolates brain activity of interest
-subject repeatedly performs task
-ex. hear a sound (snap)
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