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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM#1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Survival of the fittest - answer-individuals best adapted to their environments survive to
reproduce; their genes are passed to later generations
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny - answer-not necessarily true, but propelled research
in developmental psychology; early prenatal growth is similar across species; led some
scientists to think that an organism's development would reiterate its evolutionary
history.
Normative approach - answer-hall, gesel, measured large numbers of people, age-
related averages
Mental testing movement - answer-Binet and Simon, intelligence tests
Psychoanalytic perspective - answer-people move through a series of stages in which
they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these
conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others,
and to cope with anxiety
Moderator - answer-any given trajectory may depend and thus differ on another variable
Mediator - answer-the relationship between two variables is explained by this.
Id - answer-largest portion of the mind, unconscious, present at birth, source of
biological needs/desires
Ego - answer-conscious, rational part of mind, emerges in early infancy, redirects id
impulses acceptably
Superego - answer-the conscience, develops from ages 3 to 6 from interactions with
caregivers
Behaviorism - answer-approach that regards directly observable events- stimuli and
responses- as the appropriate focus of study and views that development of behavior as
taking place through classical and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning - answer-stimulus-response
Operant conditioning - answer-reinforcers and punishment
, Social learning - answer-approach that emphasizes the role of modelling, otherwise
known as imitation or observational learning, in the development of behavior
Bandura's model - answer-emphasizes that cognitive processes have important links
with the environment and behavior; people cognitively represent the behavior of others
and then sometimes adopt this behavior themselves
Reciprocal determinism - answer-certain characteristics of a person affect the
environment (because the person can select the environment)
Piaget's theory - answer-children actively construct knowledge. Adaptation to
environment is made in order to achieve equilibrium. Based on the idea that you want to
maintain balance by changing your scheme; all children move through four broad
stages
Cognitive dissonance - answer-your actions are different from what your
thoughts/beliefs entail.
Developmental cognitive neuroscience - answer-study of relationships between
changes in the brain development of cognition & behavior. Brings together researched
from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine
Ethological theory - answer-behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to
evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
Critical period - answer-individuals are biologically prepared to acquire adaptive
behaviors during limited time span and need the support of an appropriately stimulating
environment.
Sensitive period - answer-certain developmental milestones are best achieved during
this time, although they could be achieved at a different time.
Evolutionary developmental psychology - answer-seeks to understand adaptive value of
human competencies; reasons for our behaviors / preferences; studies cognitive,
emotional, and social competencies and change with age; expands upon ethology
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory - answer-zone of proximal development, children's
independent learning ability. Development is guided by interaction with adults.
Transmission of culture to a new generation, including values, beliefs, customs, skills.
Don't have to learn everything on your own, people are there to help you. Social
interaction is necessary.
Information processing - answer-attention, memory, and categorization. As infant
develops becomes less attracted to novelty items
--human brain is a symbol-manipulating system [input equals experiences, output
equals behavioral response]
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