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PSYCHOLOGY (CH 1, 5, 6) EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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PSYCHOLOGY (CH 1, 5, 6) EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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PSYCHOLOGY (CH 1, 5, 6) EXAM GUIDEQUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Answer-founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial school
of thought about the workings of the unconscious mind
Psychoanalysis - Answer-Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and
actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating
psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Emphasizes sexual and aggressive nature of unconscious processes
Behaviorism - Answer-the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines
psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
Strict focus on overt behavior that could be objectively measured and verified
Dominated American psychology for 50 years
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) - Answer-Russian physiologist; Performed pioneering
conditioning experiments on dogs. These experiments led to the development of the
classical conditioning model of learning.
classical conditioning - Answer-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events
-repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the
neutral stimulus elicits the same response
AKA pavlovian conditioning
Pavlov's experiment - Answer--unconditioned stimulus (meat) caused unconditioned
response (salivation) in dogs
-Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (neutral stimulus) before placing meat in the dogs' mouth
- initially, the dogs didn't react much when they only heard the bell w/o receiving meat
-After repeating procedure several times, dogs began to salivate when they heard the
bell (even if he did not deliver meat)
-turned the bell (neutral) into a conditioned stimulus
,John Watson (1878-1958) - Answer-Posited that the goal of the behaviorists was to
discover the fundamental principles of learning—how behavior is acquired and modified
in response to environmental influences
Championed behaviorism as new school of psychology
Case of Little Albert
Pioneer in application of classical conditioning principles to advertising
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) - Answer-Believed psychology should restrict itself to studying
outwardly observable behaviors
- Expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and
punishment -- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain
responses
- Helped establish and popularize the operant conditioning model of learning
- Skinner's intellectual influence lasted for decades
- often used rats and pigeons
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) - Answer-Main founder of humanistic psychology
Emphasized a person's conscious experiences, unique potential for psychological
growth and self-direction, self-determination, free will, and importance of choice in
human behavior
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) - Answer-Humanistic psychologist who proposed the
hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization as one of the ultimate psychological needs.
Emphasized the importance of psychological growth in his theory of motivation
Maslow's Theory of Motivation - Answer-sought to explain why people are driven by
particular needs at particular times
Contemporary Psychology - Answer-More specialized and diverse with varying
perspectives
Psychologists identify themselves according to: perspective they emphasize and the
specialty area in which they practice
Biological Perspective - Answer-the psychological perspective that emphasizes the
influence of biology/physical basis on behavior
Neuroscience study of physiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that
organize and control behavior
, psychodynamic perspective - Answer-the approach based on the view that behavior is
motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control and
early life experience
Psychologist may be influenced by Freud/psychoanalysis
Behavioral Perspective - Answer-Based on Watson, Pavlov, Skinner: Study of how
behavior is acquired and modified through experience and environment
May be emphasized by mental health professionals
Humanistic Perspective - Answer-Influenced by Maslow, Rogers: Focuses on personal
growth, interpersonal relationships, and self-concept
Often emphasized by psychologists in the mental health field
Positive Psychology Perspective - Answer--Based on Seligman and others
-Studies how to contribute to optimal functioning and counterbalance traditional
emphasis on problem and disorders
-Topics under the umbrella of positive psychology include personal happiness,
optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths, and wisdom
-Focus on positive emotions and psychological states, traits, and social institutions that
foster positive qualities
cognitive perspective - Answer-Focuses on mental process in memory, perception,
language, problem solving and thinking
Based on using computers as an informational processing model for human mental
processing
Cross-cultural Perspective - Answer-Emerged in 1980s, emphasizes diversity of
behavior across cultures and how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior
social loafing - Answer-the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when
pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Proven to be the opposite among Chinese participants vs EuroAmerican participants
Ethnocentrism - Answer-evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions
originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
individualistic culture - Answer-culture that focuses on individual achievement and
autonomy over the needs and goals of the group
collectivistic culture - Answer-a culture that places a high value on collaboration,
teamwork, and group achievement over the needs/goals of the individual
evolutionary perspective - Answer-Applies the principles of evolution to explain
psychological processes
Assumes Most adaptive psychological processes are perpetuated through natural
selection
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