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PSYCHOLOGY 100, EXAM #1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY 100, EXAM #1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY 100, EXAM #1QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Dependent variable - Answer-The outcome factor; the variable that may change in
response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Random assignment - Answer-Assigning participants to experimental and control
conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned
to the different groups.
Biological perspective - Answer-A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily
events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts.
Neurons - Answer-Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and
transmit information.
Action potential - Answer-a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an
axon. the action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in
and out of channels in the axon's membrane
Neurotransmitters - Answer-chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps
between neurons
Dopamine and Parkinson's disease - Answer-Death of dopamine producing cells leads
to Parkinson's disease, a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking and difficulty with
walking, movement, and coordination.
Reticular formation and personality - Answer-Nerve network in the brainstem, controls
arousal.
Shy personality is more sexually aroused.
Outgoing personality is less sexually aroused.
Left hemisphere of brain - Answer-logical, contains mathamatics, lauguage, & speech.
controls right side of the body
Right hemisphere of brain - Answer-touch and movement, superior at nonverbal, visual,
and spatial tasks. controls left side
Closure Grouping Principle - Answer-Filling in gaps or missing information when we
perceive something as incomplete.
, Plasticity - Answer-The brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain
reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the
effects of experience on brain development
Transduction - Answer-conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the
transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses
Sensation - Answer-the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system
receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Perception - Answer-the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information,
enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Gestalt psychology - Answer-school of psychology that studies how people perceive
and experience objects as whole patterns
Monocular cues - Answer-depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective,
available to either eye alone
Perceptual constancy - Answer-perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent
lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
Expectancy effects - Answer-Results that occur when a researcher or observer subtly
communicates to participants the kind of behavior he or she expects to find, thereby
creating that expected reaction.
The unconscious - Answer-According to Freud, it contains thoughts, memories, and
desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but nonetheless exert
great influence on behavior.
Priming - Answer-the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus
predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Elderly prime experiment - Answer-conducted by Bar; college students had to
unscramble words with negative stereotypes about the elderly; affected how fast
students walked down the hall
Picture prime experiment - Answer-those exposed to picture of einstein (below level of
awareness) did bettter on test; vice versa when exposed to paris hilton
REM sleep - Answer-a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly
occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for
minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
Sleep paralysis - Answer-state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right
before waking up
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