Exam (elaborations)
PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #1 QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Counseling Psychology - Answer-a branch of psychology that assists people with
problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater
well-being
Industrial/organizational psychology - Answer-The application of psychological concepts
and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer-structuralism; in 1879 founded first psychology laboratory in
world at University of Leipzig; introspection, basic units of experience
B.F. Skinner - Answer-behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based
on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons
Functionalism - Answer-the perspective on mind and behavior that focuses on the
examination of their functions in an organism's interactions with the environment.
Noam Chomsky - Answer-cognitive psychology; disagreed with Skinner about language
acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an
inborn native ability to develop language
Structuralism - Answer-study of the structure of the mind and behavior; the view that all
human mental experience can be understood as a combination of simply elements or
events.
Max Wertheimer - Answer-a gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human
thought and behavior into discrete structures
Gestalt psychology - Answer-the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to
organize perceptions into meaningful wholes
Carl Rogers - Answer-1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-
centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their
freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully
functioning person
the generation effect - Answer-Self-produced information (generated) is better
remembered than information that is not self-produced.
Examples in research: fill in the missing letter for the pair of words or read the pair of
words aloud.
, Doctor - N rse
Applied Examples (studying):
Making note cards, creating sample test questions.
night, sleeping helps memory retention - Answer-the best time of the day to study and
why
memory consolidation - Answer-The biological process through which memories are
transformed from a transient and fragile status to a more permanent and robust state;
according to most researchers, occurs over the course of several hours.
Combination of both, mainly testing for best memory retention -
Answer-reading/studying vs. testing the material?
Psychology experiment - Answer-A controlled procedure in which at least two different
treatment conditions are applied to subjects whose behaviors are then measured and
compared to test a hypothesis about the effects of the treatments on behavior.
Hypothesis - Answer-a tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between
two or more events or variables; often stated as a prediction that a certain outcome will
result from specific conditions.
Theory - Answer-an organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon.
Sample - Answer-a subset of a population selected as participants in an experiment.
Independent variable - Answer-variable that the researcher manipulates with the
expectation of having an impact on values of the other variable.
Dependent variable - Answer-a variable that the researcher measures to assess the
impact of the variation in the other variable.
Operational definition - Answer-a definition of a variable or condition in terms of the
specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence.
Experimental group - Answer-group exposed to the treatment or experiences a
manipulation of the independent variable.
Control group - Answer-group in an experiment not exposed to a treatment or does not
experience a manipulation in the independent variable.
Placebo - Answer-change in behavior in the absence of an experimental manipulation;
an inert substance given to the control group in an experiment.
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