Summary
Summary BIO 175 Unit 4 Study Guide
- Course
- BIO 175
- Institution
- Wake Technical Community College
This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on Exam 4 for Bio 175. An Essential Study Resource!!
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Chapter 161. Background on the skin and eye including defense mechanisms and microbiota
Defenses
- Boundary between human and environment
- Skin surface area is 1.5-2 meters with thickness of 1.5-4 mm
- Epidermis is replaced every 25-45 days → allows sloughing of the upper layers and
removal of transient surface microbes
- Keratin gives cell defense against abrasion, damage, and water penetration
- Sebaceous glands secrete sebum (oily/waxy material) that lubricates and provides
waterproofing of skin
- Antimicrobial peptides (defensins) secreted onto skin surface to keep pathogens at bay
- Lysozymes in sweat, tears, and saliva act on peptidoglycan
Microbiota
- Must be able to live in dry, salty conditions
- Like to grow dense populations in moist areas, skin folds, hair follicles, and glandular
ducts
- Some common inhabitants: Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Propionibacterium, e
tc.
2. Know the information on the organisms covered in lecture (primary disease(s) caused, type of
organism, gram stain, key physical characteristics, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and
prevention/treatment)
Measles
Diseases/ Description Transmission Diagnosis Prevention/
Symptoms Treatment
- Also known as - Highly - Airborne - Clinical - MMR(V)
rubeola communicable through coughs presentation, vaccine: live,
- Rash starts on - Humans are and sneezes rash and attenuated virus
head and the only - Virus infects Koplik’s spots for healthy
spreads across reservoir the tracheal and (only first 3 children 12-15
body - Virus bronchial cells days) months, then
- 1-2/1000 → travels to - ELISA to test booster before
people die lymphatic for IgM to child begins
- Subacute system → blood measles antigen school
sclerosing → skin and (cannot look for
panencephalitis: various organs antibody
rare brain because of
inflammation (no previous
cure, fatal) vaccines)
, Rubella
Diseases/ Description Transmission Diagnosis Prevention/
Symptoms Treatment
- Maculopapular - Virus - Contact with - MMR(V)
Rash Disease - Not as respiratory vaccine
- Relatively mild contagious as secretions and
rash disease measles (close urine
with few quarters) - Virus is shed
complications - Epidemiology through
Rubella = prodromal phase
worldwide up to a week
endemic after rash
- “German appears
measles” Two Forms:
- fewer than 10 - postnatal
cases in U.S. infection
- congenital
infection →
teratogenic virus
that can cause
birth defects
Fifth Disease
Diseases/ Description Transmission Diagnosis Prevention/
Symptoms Treatment
- Erythema - Parovirus - Respiratory - Clinical - No vaccine
infectiosum - Very secretions presentation and - No treatment
-slapped-cheek contagious ruling out (usually mild and
rash spreads on - Incubation time Rubella IgM self-limiting)
body but mostly between 4-21
arms, legs, trunk days (most
- Maculopapular infectious before
rash where symptoms)
blotches start
running together
, Roseola
Diseases/ Description Transmission Diagnosis Prevention/
Symptoms Treatment
- disease of - “sixth disease” - 100% of - No treatment
children usually - caused by population (self-limiting)
under 2 years HHV6 and infected with - No vaccine
- High fever for sometimes virus by
several days, HHV7 adulthood
and then rash - can remain
can appear latent in the host
(30%) after disease
- 10-15% of cleared
young children - sometimes
will have febrile reactivates in
seizures (higher child/adulthood
fever) with mono
symptoms
- Virus
Scarlet Fever
Diseases/ Description Transmission Diagnosis Treatment/
Symptoms Prevention
- Has primary - Before - Most often - Maculopapular - Treat Strep A
symptoms, antibiotics, major result of Strep A rash, and with antibiotics
maculopapular cause of death strawberry early
rash, and worldwide tongue
strawberry (glomerulonephri
tongue tis and
endocarditis)
Impetigo
Diseases/ Description Transmission Diagnosis Treatment/
Symptoms Prevention
- skin flakes or - Superficial - Direct contact - Culture and
peels bacterial - Fomites coagulase test
- Caused by infection - Mechanical to distinguish
either S. aureus - S. pyogenes: vectors between S.
or S. pyogenes newborns - Most often aureus and S.
- “Lesion” looks - S. aureus: preschool pyogenes (can
like peeling skin, older children children or be mixed
crusty and flaky S. aureus people who play infection)
scabs - Exfoliative close contact
, - Most often toxins A and B sports
around mouth, coagulase
face, and - Hyaluronidase
extremities digests
hyaluronic acid
that binds CT in
hosts
-Staphylokinase
digests blood
clots and slows
healing
- Lipase=
enzyme that
helps
colonization on
oily surfaces
Cellulitis
Diseases/ Description Transmission Diagnosis Treatment/
Symptoms Prevention
- Swollen, red - Common, - not usually - Clinical signs - Mild cellulitis
area of skin that potentially spread person to and symptoms responds well to
is hot and tender serious bacterial person oral antibiotics
- Fever and skin infection against S.
swelling of that can spread pyogenes and
lymph nodes in rapidly to other S. aureus
area parts of the body - More involved
- Lymphangitis: - Elderly, infections and
red lines leading immunodeficient infections in
away from the and diabetics immunodeficient
area (microbes are at most risk need IV
and antibiotics
inflammatory - Surgical
products being debridement
carried by may be required
lymphatic for excessive
system) tissue damage
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