Summary
Summary BIO 175 Exam 3 Study Guide
- Course
- BIO 175
- Institution
- Wake Technical Community College
This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on Exam 3 for Bio 175. An Essential Study Resource!!
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Chapter 121. Know the first and second lines of defenses for the innate immune system.
○ 1st line of defense -
■ Any barrier that blocks invasion at portal of entry
■ Limits access to internal tissue
■ General (non-specific) and immediate
■ Does not involve specific recognition of substances or immune memory
formation
■ Can be physical or chemical
○ 2nd line of defense -
■ An internal system of protective cells and fluids throughout body
■ Includes inflammation, phagocytosis, fever, and antimicrobial proteins
■ At local and systemic levels once 1st line of defense is breached
2. Understand the role these play in innate immunity:
Term Definition Miscellaneous Info
Physical barriers Skin: First line of defense
● Largest barrier
● Top layer is tough and
hard to penetrate and
fairly waterproof
● Constantly sloughing
off outer layers of skin
→ removes microbes
on dead skin cells
● Flushing effect of
sweat removes
microbes
Mucous Membranes:
● Line respiratory, GI,
and genitourinary
tracts
● In respiratory: nasal
hair and mucus trap
larger particles from
entering
● Foreign matter in
trachea, bronchi, and
larynx triggers
coughing
● Ciliary escalator
transports irritants up
and away from lungs
Fluids:
, ● Washing out of the
body
● Tears/blinking, saliva,
urine, vaginal
secretions, vomiting,
and defecation
Microbiota ● Through microbial
antagonism, the
normal bacterial flora
of the body provides
defense against
disease-causing
organisms by
producing
antimicrobial
substances that are
irritating and
discourage
colonization.
● Competitive
exclusion: two
species that compete
for the exact same
resources (locations,
colonization space,
and nutrients) cannot
stably coexist.
Phagocytes Ingest foreign particles Role:
resulting in death of microbial ● Survey tissue
cell compartments
● ingest/eliminate
materials (for innate)
● Extract immunologic
information
Professional phagocytes:
● Neutrophils,
macrophages, and
dendritic cells
Non-specific defense Cytokines Examples
chemicals ● Regulate, stimulate, ● TNF: increase
and suppress chemotaxis and
inflammation and phagocytosis.
immunity Pyrogen.
● Produced by ● IL 1: activates certain
, monocytes, WBC. pyrogen.
macrophages, ● IL 2: activities of
lymphocytes, WBC, process self
fibroblasts, mast cells, tolerance
platelets, and ● IL 4: induces
endothelial cells differentiation of naive
● Small, active T cells
molecules ● IL 6: stimulate growth
● Involved in specific of B cells
and nonspecific
immunity
Complement ● Series of proteins Goal:
circulating inactive in ● Destroy microbes
blood ● Prevent excessive
● Stimulated by host tissue damage
recognition of foreign - 3 different pathways
microbe all yield similar results
● Activated in cascade - Only need to activate
fashion 1 and then all others
will follow in order
Inflammation ● Physical condition that Factors the elicit
can result in redness, inflammation:
swelling (edema), ● Trauma from infection
heat, pain, or loss of ● Tissue injury or
function necrosis
● Systemic or local ● Specific immune
reactions
Functions:
● Attract immune
components to the
site of injury
● Repair damaged
tissues and clear
away waste/debris
● Destroy microbes and
block further invasion
by confining infection
Antimicrobial peptides ● Produced by host Defensin and many others
● Small proteins able to
insert themselves into
prokaryotic membrane
→ death of microbe
Interfeuron Produced naturally by certain Biological activities:
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