Exam (elaborations)
Cardiology 114 Exams Practice
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- Cardiology 114
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- Watts School Of Nursing
Cardiology 114 Exams Practice
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114 exam 1Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ehm8c0
1. Preload: -Volume of vascular system
-Stretch on the heart at the end of diastole
2. What affects preload: -Changes in fluid volume status
-Heart Rate
-Venous return
-Heart Failure
-Valve disease
-Pregnancy
3. Afterload: -pressure required for the left ventricle to force blood out of the body
during systole.
4. Increased afterload =: increased End Systolic Volume (blood left in the ventricle
after systole)
5. what affects afterload: -Valve disease
-Vascular resistance
-Congestive heart failure
-Hypertension
6. Contractility: the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle with each contraction
7. Alterations in contractility: -Cardiomegaly- enlarged heart
-Cardiomyopathy- weakened heart
-Valve disease- stenosis
-HTN - Hypertension
Acute MI - acute heart attack
8. Antihypertensive Medications: BB -Beta Blockers
CCB - Calcium channel blockers
ACE I - Ace inhibitors
ARBS - Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists
Nitrates
9. Beta Blockers: -olol ending
-Block norepi & epi
-Reduce HR, contractility, BP, O2 demand
-*Bronchospasm warning
-* Block symptoms of Hypoglycemia
10. Examples of CCB medications: -Verapamil
-diltiazem
-nifedipine
-amlodipine
11. CCB ( calcium channel blockers ): -Reduce HR, contractility, BP, O2 demand
-Chronic, not acute treatment of CAD
-Avoid Grapefruit juice
, 114 exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ehm8c0
12. ACE-I (ace inhibitors): -pril & -ril ending
-Decrease mortality rate in MI pts
-*First dose hypotension; cough
-Give the first couple doses at night ( can cause dizziness and lightheadedness )
-**Dry hacking cough side effect
13. Angina: Class 1: - strenuous, prolonged physical activity
14. Angina: Class 2: -rapid, prolonged walking, stair climbing
15. Angina: Class 3: -limits ordinary physical activity ( folding laundry
16. Angina: Class 4: pain at rest ( laying in bed, scrolling the phone). No longer
considered stable. Might need more meds or blood thinners. They need help.
17. NSTEMI: Suggests partial coronary occlusion- Will not show on EKG
18. STEMI: total coronary occlusion- Will show up on EKG
ST elevation
19. Normal BP: SBP less than 120 and DBP less than 80
20. Elevated BP: SBP 120-129 and DBP <80
21. Stage 1 hypertension: SBP 130-139 or DBP 80-89
need TLC plus 1 BP med
22. Stage 2 hypertension: SBP >140 or DBP >90
need TLC and 2 BP meds
23. Hypertension Crisis: SBP > 200 and/or DBP 130 - 150
24. normal ejection fraction range: 50 - 70 %
25. Atherosclerosis: lipid deposits within the arteries causing hardening of the
arteries
26. What is CAD (coronary artery disease)?: atherosclerosis ( Cholesterol /
plaque )of the coronary blood vessels
27. What is the result of CAD: -Angina
-MI
-Dysrhythmias
-HF
28. hyperlipidemia: a serum cholesterol level > 200 mg/dL or a fasting triglyceride
level > 150mg/dL
29. HDL levels (good cholesterol): Men > 45 mg/dL
Women > 55 mg/dL
30. LDL levels (bad cholesterol): < 130 mg/dL
31. VLDL levels: < 30 mg/dL
32. Triglycerides level: < 150 mg/dL
33. what's the max amount of sodium you should have per day: 2000 mg/day
34. total cholesterol: <200 mg/dL
, 114 exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ehm8c0
35. Peripheral vascular disease ( PVD ): affects vasculature blood flow including
both arteries and veins. Interferes with normal blood flow causing perfusion issues.
Result of atherosclerosis
36. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): affects arteries. Interferes with normal blood
flow causing perfusion issues. Result of atherosclerosis
37. Examples of PAD: Buerger's disease
Raynaud's disease
Subclavian steel syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome
38. Raynaud's disease: White fingertips. Vessels restrict and tighten due to cold
temperatures, Stressful situations or smoking. Decrease in blood and oxygen flow.
Tingling and numbness.
39. Buerger's disease: Small blood vessels become inflamed and swollen in hands
and feet. Decreases perfusion. Black and pale
40. circulatory alterations with poor perfusion: -Hair loss
-shiny, thin, scaly skin
-decreased cap refil >3 seconds
-thick toenails
-cool/ cyanotic extremities
-muscle atrophy
-pallor with elevation and redness when dependent/ hanging lower
41. Critical ischemia: severe pain, ulcers, gangrene
42. PVD: potential complications: -Ischemia
-Delayed healing
-atrophy of muscles and skin
-risk for infection
-Necrosis
43. Virchow's triad: high risk for a thrombus formation venous stasis, hypercoagu-
lability, endothelial damage
44. Thrombosis: manifestations and care: Expect some warmth and slight red-
ness at the site. Ultrasound confirmation to determine superficial or deep vein
NSAIDS; graduated compression stockings, elevation, ambulation
45. Embolus: manifestations: Piece of clot that travels and lodges somewhere
else. Very common in clients with Afib/ recent MI
46. Diagnosing PE: CT scans***
VQ scans
D-Dimer
CXR - chest x ray
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