Class notes
BIOL 111 The Skeletal System Notes
- Course
- Basic Biology
- Institution
- Campbell University
This is a comprehensive and detailed note on the skeletal system for Biol 111.
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1. SKELETAL SYSTEM:• There are 206 bones in the human
skeleton.
• Axial skeleton- skull, vertebrae, ribs &
sternum
• Vertebral column protects spinal cord
and consists of 24 movable vertebrae
❖ 7 cervical bones
❖ 12 thoracic bones
❖ 5 lumbar bones
❖ 5 fused bones in the sacrum & 4 fused
bones in coccyx
• Appendicular skeleton: includes
bones of the pectoral (shoulder) arms and
lower body legs.
TYPES OF BONES:
Type of bone example Major function
LONG BONE Femur phalange Support weight and facilitate
(it is longer than it is wide) Fibula numerus movement
Ulna metacarpal
SHORT BONE Carpals Provides stability and some
Tarsals movement.
Transfers forces
FLAT BONE Sternum Protect internal vital organs
Scapula
ribs
IRREGULAR BONE Sacrum Protects vital organs
vertebrae Unique movements
SESSAMOID BONE patella Reducing pressure and friction
Protects tendons
SUTURAL BONE Sutural lines of skull Help protect skull
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, • LIGAMNETS: dense connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
• TENDONS: tissues that attach bone to muscle
• CARTILAGE: flexible connective tissue that allows bones to move freely
• SYNOVIAL FLUID: acts as a lubricant that keeps joint and moving surfaces apart
• JOINT: when two or more bones meet together (articulation)
Join type description examples
Fibrous or immovable joints Fibrous membranes hold the Bones of cranium
bones tightly together and all
movement is restricted
Cartilaginous joints (slightly Limited range of movement is Vertebral column
movable) enabled
Freely movable or synovial joints A joint that allows maximum or Elbow,
easy movement Hip joint
Shoulder
FUCNTIONS:
• Protects vital internal organs
• Creates bone marrow and blood
• Stores and releases mineral (calcium and phosphate)and fat
• Supports the body
• Provide efficient mobility and movement
• Storage of energy (lipids)
•
ANATOMICAL TERMS:
1. Superior: towards head
2. Inferior: towards feet
3. Anterior: towards front of the body
4. Posterior: towards back of the body
5. Medial: towards midline of the body (AXIAL)
6. Lateral: towards side of the body (AXIAL)
7. Proximal: towards body’s mass (APPENDICAULAR)
8. Distal: away from body’s mass. (APPENDICULAR)
, JOINT ACTIONS:
• ADDUCTION: moving towards the centre of the body. (eg moving arms towards body)
• ABDUCTION: moving body part away from the centre of the body. (eg moving legs towards sky)
• FLEXION: bending or decreasing angle at joint ( bending leg at knee)
• Extension: (to straighten or increase angle at joint (straighten leg at knee)
• ROTATION: turning or twisting bone along its axis (eg: moving head side to side)
• Circumduction: moving joint in circular motion (eg making circles with arms)
• Inversion: rotation of foot to face inwards
• Eversion: rotation of foot to face outwards
• Pronation: movement of hand which causes it o face down
• Supination: movement of hands that causes hands to face upwards.
• Plantar flexion: bending foot away from tibia (eg ankle pointing towards toes)
• DORSI flexion: (bending foot up towards tibia)
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