Edexcel Learning Psychology
Acquiring a phobia through classical conditioning - ANS- A fear response to a neutral
stimulus arises when the NS is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Something that
brings about a fear response is the UCS and is paired with the NS until the fear response
becomes conditioned.
Acquiring a phobia through operant conditioning - ANS- Acquire a phobia through
rewards, such as getting attention.
Acquiring a phobia through social learning theory - ANS- If a role model shows fear in a
certain situation/ faced with a certain object, then someone observing can learn that fear
or phobia and imitate it
After several pairings of the rat and the noise... - ANS- Albert showed increasing distress
Aim of Bandura (1965) - ANS- Investigate whether children would be more aggressive
when they viewed a model rewarded for their aggression
Aim of Watson and Rayner's study - ANS- To investigate whether an emotional response
- such as fear - could be conditioned
Aim of your practical - ANS- To see whether gender affects polite behaviour
Alternative hypothesis in your practical - ANS- More females will thank the cafe assistant
than males (directional, one-tailed)
Arguments for not using animals - ANS- - Lack credibility and ecological validity
- Too many differences between humans and animals
- Differences in human and animal evolution and genetic make-up. Act differently,
behaviour and thought processes.
- Physiologically, our brains differ from animals.
- Utilitarian argument - research gives human suffering priority over animal suffering.
Singer (1975) viewed this as speciesism, animals have same rights as humans.
Arguments for use of animals - ANS- - Rats have a short gestation period, 22 days
- Can investigate behaviours across generations
- Internal validity as behaviour is unlikely to change due to demand characteristic
,- High control, can isolate variables from animals
- Pain and distress can be permitted if necessary
- Humans share common ancestry with other animals
- Useful for medical research
Background for your practical - ANS- SLT suggests we learn gender appropriate
behaviour through copying same-sex role models. Women are expected to behave in a
polite way in public. Younger females may observe their behaviour and then model the
behaviour.
Background information in Watson and Rayner's study? - ANS- Wanted to test whether
classical conditioning worked on humans. They needed a reflex action that occurred in
response to a stimulus and some other behaviour to condition to cause that reaction.
Bandura (1977) 4 criteria to be met for imitation to occur: - ANS- 1. Attention to role
model
2. Retention of the observed behaviour
3. Reproduction of target behaviour
4. Motivation to imitate the observed behaviour
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) aim - ANS- To investigate whether young children will
imitate behaviour they observe
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) hypotheses - ANS- 1. Children shown aggressive
models will show MORE imitative aggressive behaviour than those shown
non-aggressive or no models
2. Children shown non-aggressive models will show LESS aggressive behaviour than
those shown aggressive or no models
3. Children would imitate behaviour of same-sex model more than model of opposite sex,
boys showing more imitative aggression than girls
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) three conditions - ANS- Human model, film of human
model and cartoon model
Behaviour modification - ANS- If rewards or punishments are planned, so that certain
behaviours are produced and others are dropped, this is modifying the individual's
behaviour
Chi-squared test steps - ANS- 1. Calculate expected value
2. O-E for each cell
3. Square value
4. Divide by E
4. Add four results to find the overall chi-squared result
5. Find critical value by calculating degrees of freedom
, Classical conditioning - ANS- Theory of learning that examines how a response is
associated with a stimulus to cause conditioning. Learning by association
Compare the male and female models in Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) - ANS- - Male
model tended to be imitated more than female model by both girls and boys
- Female model more influential to girl's verbal aggression and non-imitative aggression
- Boys were either 2 or 3x more likely to be influenced by the male model
Conclusions in Bandura (1965) - ANS- Watching aggression that is punished deters
someone from imitating the behaviour.
Conclusions in Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) - ANS- - Children watching adults
behaving aggressively are more likely to imitate aggression so observational learning
does take place
- Children also imitated non-aggressive behaviour
- Aggressive male model imitated more than female
- Girls are more verbally aggressive
Conclusions in Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) - ANS- Observing filmed aggression and
real-life aggression will lead to aggressive acts in children. Watching aggression was not
cathartic.
Content analysis - ANS- Gathering data using content of articles, newspapers, media
programmes and books (auditory or visual material). Exploring articles to find key terms
or instances, generating categories.
Conventional content analysis - ANS- Picking categories out from the data
Cost-benefit argument for not using animals - ANS- It does not work as the cost to
animals might not be known at the start and neither might the benefits of the findings
Covert observations - ANS- Participants do not know the observation is taking place
Degrees of freedom = - ANS- (rows - 1) x (column - 1)
Directive content analysis - ANS- Theories drive the categories
Do the results support your alternative hypothesis? - ANS- Yes, the results show that
females thanked the cafe assistant more than males.
Empiricism - ANS- The view that all knowledge is based on experience.
Acquiring a phobia through classical conditioning - ANS- A fear response to a neutral
stimulus arises when the NS is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Something that
brings about a fear response is the UCS and is paired with the NS until the fear response
becomes conditioned.
Acquiring a phobia through operant conditioning - ANS- Acquire a phobia through
rewards, such as getting attention.
Acquiring a phobia through social learning theory - ANS- If a role model shows fear in a
certain situation/ faced with a certain object, then someone observing can learn that fear
or phobia and imitate it
After several pairings of the rat and the noise... - ANS- Albert showed increasing distress
Aim of Bandura (1965) - ANS- Investigate whether children would be more aggressive
when they viewed a model rewarded for their aggression
Aim of Watson and Rayner's study - ANS- To investigate whether an emotional response
- such as fear - could be conditioned
Aim of your practical - ANS- To see whether gender affects polite behaviour
Alternative hypothesis in your practical - ANS- More females will thank the cafe assistant
than males (directional, one-tailed)
Arguments for not using animals - ANS- - Lack credibility and ecological validity
- Too many differences between humans and animals
- Differences in human and animal evolution and genetic make-up. Act differently,
behaviour and thought processes.
- Physiologically, our brains differ from animals.
- Utilitarian argument - research gives human suffering priority over animal suffering.
Singer (1975) viewed this as speciesism, animals have same rights as humans.
Arguments for use of animals - ANS- - Rats have a short gestation period, 22 days
- Can investigate behaviours across generations
- Internal validity as behaviour is unlikely to change due to demand characteristic
,- High control, can isolate variables from animals
- Pain and distress can be permitted if necessary
- Humans share common ancestry with other animals
- Useful for medical research
Background for your practical - ANS- SLT suggests we learn gender appropriate
behaviour through copying same-sex role models. Women are expected to behave in a
polite way in public. Younger females may observe their behaviour and then model the
behaviour.
Background information in Watson and Rayner's study? - ANS- Wanted to test whether
classical conditioning worked on humans. They needed a reflex action that occurred in
response to a stimulus and some other behaviour to condition to cause that reaction.
Bandura (1977) 4 criteria to be met for imitation to occur: - ANS- 1. Attention to role
model
2. Retention of the observed behaviour
3. Reproduction of target behaviour
4. Motivation to imitate the observed behaviour
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) aim - ANS- To investigate whether young children will
imitate behaviour they observe
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) hypotheses - ANS- 1. Children shown aggressive
models will show MORE imitative aggressive behaviour than those shown
non-aggressive or no models
2. Children shown non-aggressive models will show LESS aggressive behaviour than
those shown aggressive or no models
3. Children would imitate behaviour of same-sex model more than model of opposite sex,
boys showing more imitative aggression than girls
Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) three conditions - ANS- Human model, film of human
model and cartoon model
Behaviour modification - ANS- If rewards or punishments are planned, so that certain
behaviours are produced and others are dropped, this is modifying the individual's
behaviour
Chi-squared test steps - ANS- 1. Calculate expected value
2. O-E for each cell
3. Square value
4. Divide by E
4. Add four results to find the overall chi-squared result
5. Find critical value by calculating degrees of freedom
, Classical conditioning - ANS- Theory of learning that examines how a response is
associated with a stimulus to cause conditioning. Learning by association
Compare the male and female models in Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) - ANS- - Male
model tended to be imitated more than female model by both girls and boys
- Female model more influential to girl's verbal aggression and non-imitative aggression
- Boys were either 2 or 3x more likely to be influenced by the male model
Conclusions in Bandura (1965) - ANS- Watching aggression that is punished deters
someone from imitating the behaviour.
Conclusions in Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) - ANS- - Children watching adults
behaving aggressively are more likely to imitate aggression so observational learning
does take place
- Children also imitated non-aggressive behaviour
- Aggressive male model imitated more than female
- Girls are more verbally aggressive
Conclusions in Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) - ANS- Observing filmed aggression and
real-life aggression will lead to aggressive acts in children. Watching aggression was not
cathartic.
Content analysis - ANS- Gathering data using content of articles, newspapers, media
programmes and books (auditory or visual material). Exploring articles to find key terms
or instances, generating categories.
Conventional content analysis - ANS- Picking categories out from the data
Cost-benefit argument for not using animals - ANS- It does not work as the cost to
animals might not be known at the start and neither might the benefits of the findings
Covert observations - ANS- Participants do not know the observation is taking place
Degrees of freedom = - ANS- (rows - 1) x (column - 1)
Directive content analysis - ANS- Theories drive the categories
Do the results support your alternative hypothesis? - ANS- Yes, the results show that
females thanked the cafe assistant more than males.
Empiricism - ANS- The view that all knowledge is based on experience.
