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APBI 442 final Question and answers already passed
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APBI 442 final Question and answers already passed metabolites in the skin - correct answer -terpenes -methoxypyrazine -proanthocyanidinds -anthocyanins -flavonols -flavan-3-ols -norisoprenoids metabolites in pulp - correct answer -organic acids -sugar -flavan-3-ols -phenolic ac...

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  • January 7, 2025
  • 31
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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APBI 442 final Question and answers
already passed
metabolites in the skin - correct answer ✔-terpenes
-methoxypyrazine
-proanthocyanidinds
-anthocyanins
-flavonols
-flavan-3-ols
-norisoprenoids


metabolites in pulp - correct answer ✔-organic acids
-sugar
-flavan-3-ols
-phenolic acids


metabolites in seed - correct answer ✔-flavan-3-ols
-proanthocyanidins


name some metabolites that accumulates early on - correct answer ✔-
tannins
- methoxypyrazine
- organic acids


what is reservatol? - correct answer ✔used for the formation of stilbene
derivatives like piciel, pterostilbenes, polymeric viniferins

,what are stilbenes for? - correct answer ✔skin injury, pathogens, human
health benefits (antimicrobial, cancer, heart disease, aging)


describe the flavonoid structure - correct answer ✔-substitution in the C ring
distinguishes classes of flavonoids
-substitution in the A and B ring distinguishes between different types of
structures within a class


characteristics of flavonols - correct answer ✔-can be free or glycosylated
-accumulate in skin
-interact with anthocyanins in copigmentation process
-UV protectants (increase 10 fold when exposed to sunlight)


connection between proanthocyanidins and tannins - correct answer
✔proanythocyanidins are polymers, forming tannins


characteristics of tannins - correct answer ✔-strong impact on wine taste
(astringency and bitterness)
-large amounts of PAs are localized in the skin


extractable proanythcyanidins - correct answer ✔-extractable mPD in wine is
3.1 for seed PAs but 4.1 for skin PAs
- extract 25-75% of berry tannins, and 60-80% of them come from the skin


anthocynanins - correct answer ✔-photoreceptors
-attract pollinators, important for seed dispersal
-antioxidant and defense mechanisms

,the glucose in anthocyanins can be - correct answer ✔esterified with acetic
acid, p-courmic acid, and caffeic acid


hydroxycinnamates are - correct answer ✔phenolic compounds


hydroxycinnamates characteristics - correct answer ✔esters are
accumulated in the skin and pulp vacuoles
- synthesized during pre-veraison states and remain fairly constant
- bitter but do not affect taste


metabolites that develop early on - correct answer ✔- tannins, phenolics,
flavan-3-ols


metabolites that develop later on - correct answer ✔-anthocyanins, stilbenes,
flavanols


no maceration - correct answer ✔-no pigmentation nor bitter/astringent taste
meaning no anthocyanins nor tannins


short maceration - correct answer ✔-red pigments but no bitter/astringent
taste
-anthocyanins but no tannins


longer maceration - correct answer ✔- red pigmentation and bitter/astringent
taste
- anthocyanins and tannins

, wine aroma - correct answer ✔- grape volatiles, fermentation, aging


VOCs are bound to a hydrophilic molecule in order to - correct answer
✔increase their solubility (otherwise they precipitate out)


_______ cleave sugar conjugates and the aroma is released - correct answer
✔glycosidases


volatiles terpenoids - correct answer ✔-flower and fruit smell normally
accumulated during ripening


Norisoprenoids - correct answer ✔found in flowers, fruits, and leaves of
plants


have low aroma thresholds


often glycosylated


fruity and floral


what are carotenoids? - correct answer ✔carotenoids are tetraterprenoids
pigments that accumulate in the skin, contributing to a red/yellow/orange
pigmentation


what is CCDs and what do they do - correct answer ✔carotenoids cleavage
dioxygenases catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, results in
norisoprenoids

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