BIOS256/ BIOS 256 E XAM 1: (NEW 2025/ 2026
UPDATE) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IV REVIEW| QS & AS|
GRADE A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
1. Describe the role of the myenteric plexus and innervation in the GI tract.:
innervates the smooth muscle layers, to control motility
2. Define deglutition: swallowing
3. Define mastication: chewing; mixed with saliva to make bolus
4. Define emulsification: large lipid droplets are converted into smaller lipid
droplets and giving them polarity
5. Define peristalsis: contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal muscularis
layer of the GI tract to push contents forward
6. Describe the functions of the parietal and chief cells and the role of their
secretions: Parietal: hydrochloric acid (HCl); intrinsic factor, and a hunger
hormone ghrelin Chief:
gastric lipase: aids in the digestion of lipids; pepsinogen: inactive form of
pepsin that aids in the digestion of proteins
7. Accessory VS Essential Digestive Organs: Main organs: mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal
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Accessory organs: teeth and tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, and vermiform appendix
8. Describe the roles played by both the liver and the gallbladder in digestion:
Liver: Secretes bile which contributes to digestion
Gallbladder: concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver
9. List and describe all the secretions of the pancreas: endocrine: production
of glucagon and insulin to moderate blood glucose levels; Pancreatic islets
exocrine: production of pancreatic juice to aid in the digestion of food in
the small intestine
10. Role of Oral cavity: ingestion of food, taste (gustation), chemical
digestion, speech, and respiration
11. Role of Small intestine: -primary site of absorption of nutrients 12. Role
of Stomach: -Mixing saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme -reservoir
for food before release into the small intestine.
-gastric juices secretion: hydrochloric acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric
lipase.
-hormones secretion: gastrin, ghrelin, and somatostatin into the blood
13. Role of Large intestine: -drive contents of the colon into the rectum
-Absorption of some water, ions, and vitamins
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