BIOS 256 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100%
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Labor chemicals and hormones involved - ANS ✓Estrogen levels rise from the
secretion of the placenta. This causes anterior pituitary gland of the fetus to
secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH stimulates the production of
DHEA which is converted into estrogen. High levels of estrogen cause oxytocin to
cause uterine contractions and relaxing to increase flexibility of the pubic
symphysis. Contractions continue until birth of the baby.
Saliva - ANS ✓99.5% water, 0.5% solutes, and digestive enzymes. comes from
salivary glands.
4 reactions in cellular respirations - ANS ✓1. glycolysis: one glucose molecule
into two pyruvic acid molecules
2.Formation of acetyl CoA: prepares pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle
3. Krebs cycle: oxidizing acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH
4. Electron transport chain
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Aerobic respirations - ANS ✓when oxygen is present, all 4 normal reactions
occur
Anaerobic respirations - ANS ✓When oxygen is not present, pyruvic acid is
converted into lactic acid
Functions of the kidneys - ANS ✓Excretion of wastes
Regulation of blood ionic composition
Regulation of blood pH
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure(renin, increased renin, increased BP)
Maintenance of blood osmolarity
Production of hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin)
Regulation of blood glucose level
What makes up the filtration membrane? - ANS ✓Fenestrations
Basement membrane
Filtration slits between pedicals of podocytes
Embryoblast - ANS ✓inner cell mass of the blastocyst
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Trophoblast - ANS ✓outer superficial layer of cells that eventually develops into
the chorionic sac that surrounds the fetus, the site of nutrient and waste
exchange
the two layers that the trophoblast develops into - ANS ✓syncytiotrophoblast:
secrete enzymes allowing the blastocyst to penetrate the uterine lining.
cytotrophoblast
Two distinct parts of the placenta - ANS ✓1. fetal portion formed by the chorionic
villi of the chorion
2. maternal portion formed by the decidua basilis of the endometrium
Function of the placenta - ANS ✓1. allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse into the
fetal circulation, and CO2 and waste to diffuse from the fetus to the mother
2. Protective barrier
3. Stores nutrients to be released into fetal circulation as needed
what are alleles - ANS ✓alternative forms of a gene that codes for the trait and
are at the same location on homologous chromosomes
What are autosomes - ANS ✓the first 22 pairs of chromosomes
what is the 23rd pair of chromosomes called - ANS ✓sex chromosomes
BIOS 256
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