SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATIONS 7TH
EDITION ZIEMER
,Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications 4th Edition Cengel Solutions Manual
Chapter 2 Properties of Fluids
Solutions Manual for
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications
Fourth Edition
Yunus A. Çengel & John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill Education, 2018
Chapter 2
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL
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, Chapter 2 Properties of Fluids
Density and Specific Gravity
2-1C
Solution We are to discuss the difference between intensive and extensive properties.
Analysis Intensive properties do not depend on the size (extent) of the system but extensive properties do depend
on the size (extent) of the system.
Discussion An example of an intensive property is temperature. An example of an extensive property is mass.
2-2C
Solution We are to discuss the difference between mass and molar mass.
Analysis Mass m is the actual mass in grams or kilograms; molar mass M is the mass per mole in grams/mol or
kg/kmol. These two are related to each other by m = NM, where N is the number of moles.
Discussion Mass, number of moles, and molar mass are often confused. Molar mass is also called molecular weight.
2-3C
Solution We are to define specific gravity and discuss its relationship to density.
Analysis The specific gravity, or relative density, is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density
of some standard substance at a specified temperature (the standard is water at 4°C, for which ρH2O = 1000 kg/m3). That
is, SG = ρ /ρH2O . When specific gravity is known, density is determined from ρ = SG × ρH2O .
Discussion Specific gravity is dimensionless and unitless [it is just a number without dimensions or units].
Solution We are to decide if the specific weight is an extensive or intensive property.
Analysis The original specific weight is
W
γ1 =
V
If we were to divide the system into two halves, each half weighs W/2 and occupies a volume of V /2. The specific weight
of one of these halves is
W /2
γ= = γ1
V /2
which is the same as the original specific weight. Hence, specific weight is an intensive property.
Discussion If specific weight were an extensive property, its value for half of the system would be halved.
2-5C
Solution We are to discuss the applicability of the ideal gas law.
Analysis A gas can be treated as an ideal gas when it is at a high temperature and/or a low pressure relative to its
critical temperature and pressure.
Discussion Air and many other gases at room temperature and pressure can be approximated as ideal gases without any
significant loss of accuracy.
2-6C
Solution We are to discuss the difference between R and Ru.
Analysis Ru is the universal gas constant that is the same for all gases, whereas R is the specific gas constant that is
different for different gases. These two are related to each other by R = Ru / M , where M is the molar mass (also called
the molecular weight) of the gas.
Discussion Since molar mass has dimensions of mass per mole, R and Ru do not have the same dimensions or units.
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