This exam test is written to expose managers in practice, experts, professionals and students to the reality of applying the concepts of HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Define non-polar hormone (can and cannot do) - *CAN* get through the cell wall.
Are *NOT* water soluble.
*ARE* Lipophyllic.
Can be taken in *pill-form*.
Hormones that:
*CAN* get through the cell wall. Are *NOT* water soluble. *ARE* Lipophyllic. Can be taken in *pill-
form*. - Non-polar hormones
Define polar-hormone (can and cannot do) - *CAN NOT* get through the cell wall alone.
*ARE* water soluble.
Must be *injected if used as drug*.
To enter a cell, they must bind to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, activating
and enlisting 2nd messenger molecules.
Hormones that:
*CAN NOT* get through the cell wall alone.
*ARE* water soluble. Must be *injected if used as drug*. - Polar-hormones
Define pre-hormone (can and cannot do) - Inactive secretions of endocrine glands that must be modified
within their target cells to be active.
Examples:
--> vitamin D, testosterone, thyroxine.
Define pro-hormone (can and cannot do) - inactive hormones made in the endocrine cells that must be
cut and spliced together to be active.
Example:
-->insulin.
Parts of digestive system -
Starches begin digestion___ - Starches begin *digestion in the mouth*,
but salivary amylase is not active at pH 2, so this activity stops in the stomach.
Proteins begin digestion___ - Proteins begin digestion* in the stomach*
Prostaglandins - -are special 20 carbon long fatty acids made in many different organs
-usually have regulatory functions within the organ in which they are produced
, Insulin secretion is stimulated by a ___ in blood sugar after a meal. - Insulin secretion is stimulated by a
RISE in blood sugar after a meal.
By beta cells.
Glucagon secretion is stimulated by a ___ in blood sugar during periods of fasting. - Glucagon secretion
is stimulated by a FALL in blood sugar during periods of fasting.
By alpha cells.
Beta Cells - secrete insulin that lowers blood glucose and stimulates production of glycogen, fat, and
protein.
(pancreas)
Alpha Cells - secrete glucagon that raises blood glucose by stimulating breakdown of liver glycogen. It
also promotes breakdown of lipids and production of ketone bodies.
(pancreas)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Trophic hormones stimulate hormone secretion in other glands.
-*Growth Hormone(GH)*: promotes amino acid uptake and protein synthesis.
--tissue and organ growth in fat/muscle/bone.
-*Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)*: stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T3 and T4.
-*Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)*:
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
-*Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)*: folliculotropin stimulates growth of ovarian follicles (females)
and sperm in testes (males): stimulated by GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) and inhibited by sex
steroids
-*Luteinizing Hormone (LH)*: stimulates ovulation and conversion of an ovulated ovarian follicle into the
corpus luteum (females) secretion of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes (males): stimulated by
GnRH and inhibited by sex steroids
-*Prolactin (PRL)*: helps regulate water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys, milk production and
supports FSH and LH regulation: stimulated by sex steroids and inhibited by PIH
Posterior Pituitary Hormones - ADH and Oxytocin are produced by the *Supraoptic and Paraventricular
Nuclei* of the *Hypothalamus*.
They are transported along axons of the *Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract* to the posterior pituitary
Release is controlled by *Neuroendocrine reflexes.*
Hypothalamus communicates with anterior pituitary how? - the anterior pituitary is controlled via
releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus, transported through the *hypothalamo-
hypophyseal portal system*.
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