Nutrition Exam 1 2025

Nutrition Exam 1 2025 Assured A+ 15g carb= 3g protein= 1g fat= - ans15X4=60kcal 3X4=12kcal 1X9=9kcal Best choices within each food group: - ansgrain (6-9): whole grains, corn, beans, peas fruits (3-5): fresh and frozen veggies(3+): fresh and frozen, bright colors dairy(3-4): skim or 1%, cottage cheese protein(5-7oz): lean meat/poultry, fish, nuts, beans, seeds, tofu Case-control study - anscomparison of people who do and those that do not have a particular condition ex. people who have diabetes are overweight Cohort study - ansresearchers analyze data from a selected group of people at intervals over a certain period of time ex. Framingham heart study has followed 5,000 participants over the last 60 years and found those with high cholesterol more likely to have a heart attack Define hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia - anshyper: high blood glucose levels hypo: low blood glucose levels Define myocardial infarction and stroke - ansmyocardial infarction is a heart attack where blood flow to the heart is blocked stroke is when blood flow to the brain is blocked Define nutrient density and empty calories - ansnutrient density: small number of calories and lots of vitamins and minerals empty calories: sugars/fats, calories without nutrients that aren't fulfilling Describe the transport of digested fat - anschylomicron→lympth→subclavian vein→general circulation→chylomicron remnant→liver Describe the transportation of synthesized fat starting with VLDL and ending with scavenger pathway. - ansVLDL deposits fat and become VLDL remnant to low density protein, receptor pathway for cholesterol uptake, scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake Difference between glycogen and starch? - ansGlycogen: hundreds of glucose units in long, highly branched chains, storage form of CHO, (stored in liver and muscles) Starch: thousands of glucose molecules in either occasionally branched chains or unbranched chains Different characteristics of type one and type two diabetes - anstype one: genetic, diagnosed under 30, insulin injections required type two: diagnosed over age 30, often linked with obesity, 90-95% cases, treatment includes diet therapy, medication and exercise Double blind study - anshas an experimental group and a control group and subjects are randomly assigned so that neither researchers nor subjects know which group they're in Epidemiology - ansstudy of diseases in populations Explain enterohepatic circulation - ansbile stored in gall bladder, small intestine emulsifies fats and it goes to colon or blood then liver bile (from cholesterol) goes back to the gall bladder Explain how fat is digested once entering the small intestine. - ansCCK stimulates the release of bile and lecithin to help emulsify fat, CCK hormone stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic lipase (enzyme), fat is broken down to monoglycerides and free fatty acids and glycerol