1. Which of the following is the primary cause of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- A. Genetic predisposition
- B. Air pollution
- C. Smoking
- D. Occupational exposure
- ANS: C. Smoking
, - Rationale: Smoking is the leading cause of COPD, as it
damages the airways and alveoli, leading to airflow obstruction
and respiratory symptoms.
2. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of type 2
diabetes mellitus?
- A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- B. Insulin resistance
- C. Genetic mutations
- D. Viral infection
- ANS: B. Insulin resistance
- Rationale: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily caused by
insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond
effectively to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
3. Which of the following is a common complication of
hypertension?
- A. Osteoporosis
- B. Chronic kidney disease
- C. Asthma
- D. Rheumatoid arthritis
- ANS: B. Chronic kidney disease
, - Rationale: Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in
the kidneys, leading to chronic kidney disease and impaired renal
function.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
4. The primary pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease is the
accumulation of __________ in the brain.
- ANS: Amyloid plaques
- Rationale: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the
accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in
the brain, leading to neuronal damage and cognitive decline.
5. __________ is a condition characterized by the inflammation
and destruction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous
system.
- ANS: Multiple sclerosis
- Rationale: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune condition
where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, leading to
impaired nerve conduction and neurological symptoms.
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