Pathology 2025 GENERAL FINAL EXAM Questions/ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
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Course
Pathology
Institution
Pathology
Pathology 2025 GENERAL FINAL EXAM Questions/ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
G (the patient likely has a DVT - deep vein thrombosis - from a combination of age, pregnancy status,
prolonged sitting, and physical findings - we can deduce that she has reduced venous return and
therefore greater central venous ...
Pathology 2025 GENERAL FINAL EXAM Questions/ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
G (the patient likely has a DVT - deep vein thrombosis - from a combination of age, pregnancy status,
prolonged sitting, and physical findings - we can deduce that she has reduced venous return and
therefore greater central venous pressure, which increases the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries of
the lower extremity, inducing a transudate; transudates have low protein count, by definition) (also, fun
fact: DVTs are more common in the left leg than the right) - A 45-year old pregnant woman arrives in the
clinic complaining of painful swelling in her leg. During a history, you find she has just gotten off a flight
yesterday morning from Madrid, which lasted over 12 hours (she was visiting her sister). She did not
move much during the flight because she watched the entire Taken series in one go (she thought the
second one was the best). The edema has not reduced since yesterday.
Physical exam reveals the circumference of the right calf is 15" and the left calf is 17". Pain in the left leg
is made worse on forced dorsiflexion (positive Homan's sign). Which of the following statements is most
likely true of the fluid causing the swelling?
A. It is an exudate caused by inflammation
B. It is a transudate caused by greater central venous pressure
C. It will have a low protein count (<50% plasma protein)
D. It will have a high protein count (>50% plasma protein)
E. Both A and C
F. Both A and D
G. Both B and C
H. Both B and D
D (these are all traits of an exudate, which is expected from progressive cancers of the abdominal
organs) (these statements can also true for exudates that can be found in infection, inflammation, and
malignancy) (other effusions in other body cavities [pleural, pericardial, etc.] are also exudates) - You
have recently diagnosed a 60-year old patient with liver cancer that has progressed to stage III; at this
point, the tumor has become highly vascularized. On the patient's most recent examination, the
abdomen was distended and tender to palpation. CT revealed fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.
This fluid is most likely
A. High in protein count
B. Caused by angiogenesis of the patient's cancer
,C. Causing the patient's ascites
D. All of the above
C (heart failure = decreased cardiac output = increased retention of blood volume by the kidneys, via
sodium and water reabsorption - this will cause systemic transudates) (D; the increase is in hydrostatic
pressure, not osmotic) - Which of the following would be increased in the pathogenesis of systemic
edema caused by heart failure?
A. Cardiac output
B. Glomerular filtration rate
C. Reabsorption of sodium and water
D. Plasma osmotic pressure
C (SN = number of people with true positives / number of people with disease [true positives + false
negatives]) (50/55 = 0.91) (meaning: this test is sensitive enough to detect the disease in a patient 91%
of the time, or, has a 9% chance of generating a false negative result) - Using the data presented in this
image on the statistical viability of a new disease test, calculate the test's sensitivity (SN).
A. 3%
B. 33%
C. 91%
D. 99.5%
C (SP = number of people with true negatives / number of people without the disease [true negatives +
false positives]) (1000/1100 = 0.91) (meaning: this test is specific enough to not misdiagnose someone as
having the disease 91% of the time, or, has a 9% chance of generating a false positive result) - Using the
data presented in this image on the statistical viability of a new disease test, calculate the test's
specificity (SP).
A. 3%
B. 33%
C. 91%
D. 99.5%
, B (PPV = true positives / all positives) (50/150 = 0.33) (meaning: if this test generates a positive result,
there is a 33% chance that the patient has the disease) - Using the data presented in this image on the
statistical viability of a new disease test, calculate the test's positive predictive value (PPV).
A. 3%
B. 33%
C. 91%
D. 99.5%
D (NPV = true negatives / all negatives) (1000/1005 = 0.995) (meaning: if this test generates a negative
result, there is a 99.5% chance that the patient does not have the disease) - Using the data presented in
this image on the statistical viability of a new disease test, calculate the test's negative predictive value
(NPV).
A. 3%
B. 33%
C. 91%
D. 99.5%
A (prevalence = number of disease cases / total population) (55/1155 = 0.03) - Using the data presented
in this image on the statistical viability of a new disease test, estimate the prevalence of the disease.
A. 3%
B. 33%
C. 91%
D. 99.5%
C (the properties of the fluid described in the lab are indicative of an exudative condition, which is most
likely for A, B, and D) (congestive heart failure decreases the venous return and increases the pressure in
capillaries, causing a peripheral edema - this fluid would be more likely to be a transudate than an
exudate - meaning low protein count and absence of tissue damage or infectious agents/immune
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