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Summary IB Biology notes for 2025
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  • Senior / 12th Grade

Comprehensive IB Biology Notes for 2025: Nucleic Acids and Water Maximize your study efficiency with these expertly crafted notes on Nucleic Acids and Water for the IB Biology syllabus. Perfectly tailored for the 2025 curriculum, these notes provide everything you need to excel in your assessments...

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  • January 15, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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A1.1 Water

A1.1.1 - Water as a Medium of Life


1. Origin of Life: The rst cells originated in water.
2. Importance of Water:
◦ Universal solvent: Facilitates biochemical reactions.
◦ High heat capacity: Regulates temperature.
◦ Cohesion and adhesion: Enables transport in organisms.
◦ Density anomaly: Ice oats, providing insulation.
◦ Transparent: Allows light penetration for photosynthesis.

A1.1.2 - Hydrogen Bonds and Polar Covalent Bonds in
Water Molecules

1. Atomic Structure: Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

2. Bond Types:
◦ Ionic: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
◦ Covalent: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
◦ Polar Covalent: Unequal sharing of electrons (e.g., within water molecules).
3. Water Molecule Structure:
◦ Polar covalent bonds between oxygen (slightly negative) and hydrogen
(slightly positive).
◦ Partial charges: Oxygen (δ⁻), Hydrogen (δ⁺).
◦ Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules due to partial charges.
4. Consequences of Hydrogen Bonding:
◦ High cohesion and surface tension.
◦ High speci c heat capacity and boiling point.

A1.1.3 - Cohesion and Consequences for Organisms

1. Cohesion: Attraction between water molecules via hydrogen bonds.
2. Xylem Transport:
◦ Cohesion enables the upward movement of water in plants against gravity.
3. Surface Tension:
◦ Cause: Cohesion at the air-water interface.
◦ Bene t: Supports small organisms (e.g., water striders).




A1.1.4 - Adhesion of Water to Polar or Charged
Materials

1



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