HESI RN Pediatric Pulm Lecture 7 - Infectious Disorder Part 1 Exam Questions and Answers

What age group is most commonly affected by bronchiolitis? a) Adults over 60 b) Children under 2 years c) Adolescents d) Adults between 30-40 years - | Correct Answer: b) Children under 2 years What is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in young children? a) Rhinovirus b) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) c) Adenovirus d) Influenza - | Correct Answer: b) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Which clinical sign is common in bronchiolitis? a) Hemoptysis b) Wheezing and/or crackles c) Stridor d) Chest pain - | Correct Answer: b) Wheezing and/or crackles What is a common complication of bronchiolitis in young, premature, or compromised patients? a) Pneumothorax b) Apnea and respiratory failure c) Pulmonary embolism d) Myocardial infarction - | Correct Answer: b) Apnea and respiratory failure What diagnostic tool is primarily used to diagnose bronchiolitis? a) Chest X-ray b) Clinical history and physical examination c) Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) d) CT scan - | Correct Answer: b) Clinical history and physical examination What treatment is generally recommended for outpatient care of bronchiolitis? a) Antibiotics b) Supportive care including hydration and fever management c) Steroids d) Surgery - | Correct Answer: b) Supportive care including hydration and fever management Which virus is a common cause of acute bronchitis? a) Staphylococcus aureus b) Influenza A and B c) Mycobacterium tuberculosis d) Klebsiella pneumoniae - | Correct Answer: b) Influenza A and B What is a hallmark symptom of acute bronchitis? a) Chronic cough b) Acute onset but persistent cough c) Hemoptysis d) Dyspnea on exertion - | Correct Answer: b) Acute onset but persistent cough When should a chest X-ray be considered in a patient with suspected acute bronchitis? a) When there is evidence of pneumonia or abnormal vital signs b) For every patient with a cough c) Only if the patient is febrile d) As part of routine examination - | Correct Answer: a) When there is evidence of pneumonia or abnormal vital signs What is the recommended treatment for acute bronchitis? a) Immediate antibiotic therapy b) Patient education and symptom control c) Hospitalization d) Inhaled corticosteroids - | Correct Answer: b) Patient education and symptom control Which bacterial pathogen is a classic cause of acute epiglottitis in unvaccinated children? a) Streptococcus pneumoniae b) Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) c) Mycoplasma pneumoniae d) Bordetella pertussis - | Correct Answer: b) Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) What is a characteristic symptom of acute epiglottitis? a) Barking cough b) Sudden onset of high fever and stridor c) Gradual onset of cough and wheezing d) Hemoptysis - | Correct Answer: b) Sudden onset of high fever and stridor What is the recommended first step in managing suspected acute epiglottitis? a) Immediate chest X-ray b) Avoid any invasive procedures and manage the airway c) Administer antibiotics d) Start corticosteroids - | Correct Answer: b) Avoid any invasive procedures and manage the airway Which age group is most commonly affected by viral croup? a) Adults over 50 b) Children aged 6 months to 3 years c) Adolescents d) Newborns - | Correct Answer: b) Children aged 6 months to 3 years What is a classic clinical presentation of viral croup? a) Barking cough, stridor, and respiratory distress b) Persistent dry cough and chest pain c) Wheezing and crackles d) Productive cough and fever - | Correct Answer: a) Barking cough, stridor, and respiratory distress What is the mainstay of treatment for mild croup? a) Nebulized epinephrine b) Single oral dose of dexamethasone c) Immediate hospitalization d) Antibiotic therapy - | Correct Answer: b) Single oral dose of dexamethasone What is the primary cause of influenza? a) Haemophilus influenzae b) Influenza viruses A and B c) Streptococcus pneumoniae d) Respiratory syncytial virus - | Correct Answer: b) Influenza viruses A and B Which symptom is least common in influenza? a) Rhinorrhea b) Myalgia c) Sore throat d) Hemoptysis - | Correct Answer: d) Hemoptysis What is the recommended prevention strategy for influenza? a) Annual vaccination for all individuals 6 months and older b) Routine antibiotic use c) Quarantine of all symptomatic individuals d) Monthly booster vaccines - | Correct Answer: a) Annual vaccination for all individuals 6 months and older Which antiviral medication is an oral treatment option for influenza? a) Rapivab (peramivir) b) Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) c) Relenza (zanamivir) d) Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) - | Correct Answer: b) Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) What is the causative agent of whooping cough? a) Haemophilus influenzae type b b) Bordetella pertussis c) Mycoplasma pneumoniae d) Streptococcus pneumoniae - | Correct Answer: b) Bordetella pertussis Which phase of pertussis is characterized by severe coughing fits? a) Catarrhal phase b) Paroxysmal phase c) Convalescent phase d) Incubation phase - | Correct Answer: b) Paroxysmal phase What is the most sensitive test for diagnosing pertussis during the first two weeks of illness? a) Chest X-ray b) Culture c) PCR d) Serology - | Correct Answer: b) Culture Which treatment is recommended for pertussis in infants under 1 month old? a) Azithromycin b) Clarithromycin c) Erythromycin d) Ciprofloxacin - | Correct Answer: a) Azithromycin Which virus is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants? a) Influenza virus b) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) c) Adenovirus d) Rhinovirus - | Correct Answer: b) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) What is the typical season for increased cases of RSV? a) Spring and summer b) Fall and winter c) Year-round d) Only in winter - | Correct Answer: b) Fall and winter What is the recommended first-line treatment for a young child with mild bronchiolitis? a) Antibiotics b) Supportive care and monitoring c) Corticosteroids d) Ribavirin - | Correct Answer: b) Supportive care and monitoring What age group is most at risk for severe complications from bronchiolitis? a) Children under 3 months b) Adolescents c) Adults over 50 d) Children aged 5-10 years - | Correct Answer: a) Children under 3 months Which symptom is commonly associated with severe RSV infection in infants? a) Stridor b) Respiratory distress c)