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Clinical Chemistry Comprehensive Exam 2025 update|Actual Exam /Comprehensive Questions And Verified Answers |get it 100% accurate!! Intracellular Fluid (ICF) -Fluid inside the cell -2/3 of the body water -Where dissolved solutes and proteins are done. -$17.99
Clinical Chemistry Comprehensive Exam 2025 update|Actual Exam /Comprehensive Questions And Verified Answers |get it 100% accurate!! Intracellular Fluid (ICF) -Fluid inside the cell -2/3 of the body water -Where dissolved solutes and proteins are done. -
Clinical Chemistry Comprehensive Exam 2025
update|Actual Exam /Comprehensive Questions And
Verified Answers |get it 100% accurate!!
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
-Fluid inside the cell
-2/3 of the body water
-Where dissolved solutes and proteins are done.
-K
-Mg
-Phos
Ions needed for myocardial rhythm and contractility.
-K
-Mg
-Ca
Lab findings of Hyperglycemia
-Fasting blood sugar >126
-Glucose in urine
-Polyurine
-Polydipsia-increase drinking
,-Polyphasia-increase eating
-Internally (metabolically) starving yourself, high glucose that cannot enter cells
Lab findings of hypoglycemia
-Glucose tolerance test <50
-Increase in insulin and C-peptide
PTH
-A polypeptide hormone
-Calcitonin homeostasis and has effect on phosphorus level
-Stimulated as calcium concentration falls
-Negative feedback with calcium (calcium will increase and PTH will turn off)
2 forms of calcium
-Bound to proteins, primarily albumin, an inactive calcium
-Ionized calcium is biologically active calcium
Two major target organs for PTH
1. Bone- release of calcium
-Stimulates ssteoclasts (bone remoldeling)
-Stimulates osteocytes (rapid calcium release through breakdown of the bone)
2. Kidney- calcium and magnesium retention in renal tubules
-Expel phosphorus and bi-carb, inverse relationship
-Ex: PTH can cause an increase of reabsorption of calcium and magnesium in
loop of Henle (doesn't know whether to get rid of everything or save everything)
Lab findings of hyperparathyroidism
-Increased total calcium
-Increased ionized calcium
-Increased PTH
-Usually decreased phosphorus level
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is due to hypocalcemia from renal disease,
hemodialysis, and Vit D deficiency.
Lab findings of hypoparathyroidism
-Decrease calcium
-Increased phosphorus
-Decreased PTH
Symptoms: tetany
Adrenal cortex
-3 zones
Adrenal medulla
-Contains catecholamine secreting cells called Chromaffin cells.
Zona glomerulosa
-G-zone cells
-Synthesizes and secretes mineralcorticoid hormones
-Chief mineralcorticoid is Aldosterone
Zona fasciculate
-F zone cells
-Synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoid hormones, like cortisol
, -Plays a role in glucose regulation/metabolism
-Secretion is closely regulated by ACTH through a negative feedback loop
-Physiological effects: Anti-inflammatory, Blood pressure maintenance,
Synthesis of carbohydrates from proteins and secretes androgen precursors
such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
-Can result in hypercoritsolism and hypocoritsolism
Cortisol
-Key glucocorticoid of Zona fasciculate
-Has a circadian rhythm, increased during stress and trauma
-Major site of corticosteroid catabolism is the liver
-Conjugated and excreted as glucuronic acid
-Small % excreted in urine as free urinary cortisol
Factors that affect the release of cortisol
-Stress
-Diurnal variation
-Highest levels early in the morning and lowest in the evening
-Blood sugar
Zona reticularia
-Synthesizes and secretes androgens and estrogens
-Converts DHEA to DHEAS
-Precursors for sex hormones
-Regulator is unknown
-Excess can lead to infertility and decreased gonadal activity.
Lab findings for Cushing's Syndrome
-Increased cortisol because there is too much ACTH with loss of diurnal
variation
-Increased free cortisol and 17-Hydrozycorticosteroids in a 24 hour urine
-Primary hyperadrenalism
-Most common cause of ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma which causes
increased cortisol.
Lab findings of Addison's Disease
-Decreased cortisol
-Increased ACTH
-No cortisol response to exogenous administration of ACTH
-Decreased 17-hydroxycorticorids on a 24 hour urine
-Primary hypoadrenalism
Laboratory findings of secondary hypoadrenalism
-Decreased cortisol
-Decreased ACTH
-Normal response: increased cortisol to exogenous administration of ACTH
-Decreased 17-hydroxycorticosteroidson a 24 hour urine
Major metabolite of catecholamines
-Vanillymandelic acid (VMA)
Catecholamines
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