and its governance practices.Environmental Impact: This aspect of ESG focuses on a company’s efforts to reduce its carbon footprint, manage waste, and use sustainable resources. Companies may disclose
their greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and recycling efforts.Social Responsibility: The social component of ESG includes factors like labor practices, community engagement, and customer satisfaction.
For example, companies that provide safe working conditions, pay fair wages, and support local communities often score higher on social responsibility metrics.Governance Practices: Governance focuses on
how a company is managed and whether it adheres to ethical and legal standards. Issues like executive compensation, board diversity, and transparency in decision-making fall under governance
practices.________________________________________Nursing (Continued)Nursing Specialties and Advanced Practice RolesNursing offers a wide variety of specialties that provide opportunities for nurses
to develop expertise in specific areas of patient care. Specializing in a particular field allows nurses to have a greater impact on patient outcomes and pursue rewarding career paths.Critical Care Nursing:
Critical care nurses work in intensive care units (ICUs) or emergency departments, providing care to patients with life-threatening conditions. They are highly skilled in using advanced technology, monitoring
vital signs, and responding to acute medical crises.Pediatric Nursing: Pediatric nurses specialize in the care of children from infancy through adolescence. They work closely with families to manage both acute
and chronic health conditions and advocate for children’s health needs.Geriatric Nursing: Geriatric nurses focus on the care of older adults, addressing the unique health challenges faced by seniors, including
age-related diseases like dementia, osteoporosis, and diabetes.Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing: Nurses in this field specialize in women's health, including prenatal, labor, and postnatal care. They play a
key role in childbirth education, supporting expectant mothers, and ensuring the health and safety of both mother and baby.Nursing Advocacy and Policy DevelopmentNurses are often at the forefront of
healthcare policy development, working to improve healthcare access, equity, and quality. Their advocacy plays a crucial role in shaping healthcare systems and ensuring patients’ needs are met.Nurse
Chapter 01: Professional Nursing
Harding: Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing, 12th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The nurse completes an admission database and explains that the plan of care and discharge
goals will be developed with the patient‘s input. The patient asks, ―How is this different from
what the physician does?‖ Which response would the nurse provide?
a. ―The role of the nurse is to administer medications and other treatments prescribed
by your physician.‖
b. ―In addition to caring for you while you are sick, the nurses will help you plan to
maintain your health.‖
c. ―The nurse‘s job is to collect information and communicate any problems that
occur to the physician.‖
d. ―Nurses perform many of the same procedures as the physician, but nurses are
with the patients for a longer time than the physician.‖
ANS: B
The American Nurses Association (ANA) definition of nursing describes the role of nurses in
promoting health. The other responses describe dependent and collaborative functions of the
nursing role but do not accurately describe the nurse‘s unique role in the health care system.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis)
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
2. Which statement by the nurse accurately describes the use of evidence-based practice (EBP)?
a. ―Patient care is based on clinical judgment, experience, and traditions.‖
b. ―Data are analyzed later to show that the patient outcomes are consistently met.‖
c. ―Research from all published articles are used as a guide for planning patient care.‖
d. ―Recommendations are based on research, clinical expertise, and patient
preferences.‖
ANS: D
Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the use of the best research-based evidence combined with
clinician expertise and consideration of patient preferences. Clinical judgment based on the
, nurse‘s clinical experience is part of EBP, but clinical decision making should also
incorporate current research and research-based guidelines. Evaluation of patient outcomes is
important, but data analysis is not required to use EBP. All published articles do not provide
research evidence; interventions should be based on credible research, preferably randomized
controlled studies with a large number of subjects.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
3. Which statement by the nurse provides a clear explanation of the nursing process?
a. ―The nursing process is a research method of diagnosing the patient‘s health care
problems.‖
b. ―The nursing process is used primarily to explain nursing interventions to other
health care professionals.‖
, c. ―The nursing process is a problem-solving tool used to identify and manage the
patients‘ health care needs.‖
d. ―The nursing process is based on nursing theory that incorporates the
biopsychosocial nature of humans.‖
ANS: C
The nursing process is a problem-solving approach to the identification and treatment of
patients‘ problems. Nursing process does not require research methods for diagnosis. The
primary use of the nursing process is in patient care, not to establish nursing theory or explain
nursing interventions to other health care professionals.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
4. A patient admitted to the hospital for surgery tells the nurse, ―I do not feel comfortable
leaving my children with my parents.‖ Which action would the nurse take next?
a. Reassure the patient that these feelings are common for parents.
b. Have the patient call the children to ensure that they are doing well.
c. Gather information on the patient‘s concerns about the child care arrangements.
d. Call the patient‘s parents to determine whether adequate child care is being
provided.
ANS: C
Because a complete assessment is necessary in order to identify a problem and choose an
appropriate intervention, the nurse‘s first action should be to obtain more information. The
other actions may be appropriate, but more assessment is needed before the best intervention
can be chosen.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis)
TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
5. A patient with a bacterial infection is hypovolemic due to a fever and excessive diaphoresis.
Which expected outcome would the nurse select for this patient? healthcare systems and ensuring patients’ needs are
met.Nurse Advocacy: Nurses advocate for patient rights, access to care, and policy changes that affect the healthcare system. For instance, nurses may advocate for better staffing
ratios, improved patient safety protocols, or policies that address health disparities in underserved communities.Healthcare Reform: Nurses actively participate in efforts to reform
healthcare systems. This includes advocating for universal healthcare, expanded insurance coverage, and policies that improve health outcomes, such as mental health parity and access
to preventive care.End-of-Life Care and Palliative NursingPalliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for patients facing serious illness or end-of-life challenges. Nurses in
palliative and hospice care play an essential role in providing physical, emotional, and spiritual support for patients and their families.Symptom Management: Nurses in palliative care
work closely with patients to manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and shortness of breath. They often collaborate with physicians, social workers, and chaplains to provide holistic
care.Advance Directives and Ethical Considerations: Nurses help patients and families navigate decisions about end-of-life care, including advance directives, do-not-resuscitate
(DNR) orders, and other ethical considerations related to life-sustaining treatment.________________________________________Information Technology (Continued)Digital
Transformation and IT IntegrationAs businesses continue to adapt to the digital age, integrating IT systems and technologies is critical to ensuring efficient operations and staying
competitive.Enterprise Integration: Many businesses now employ enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to integrate key functions like finance, HR, supply chain management,
and customer relations. ERPs help ensure smooth data flow across departments and increase operational efficiency.System Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of
different IT systems to communicate and exchange data seamlessly. In industries like healthcare, financial services, and government, system interoperability is
a. Patient has a balanced intake and output.
b. Patient‘s bedding is kept clean and free of moisture.
c. Patient understands the need for increased fluid intake.
d. Patient‘s skin remains cool and dry throughout hospitalization.
ANS: A
Balanced intake and output gives measurable data showing resolution of the problem of
deficient fluid volume. The other statements would not indicate that the problem of
hypovolemia was resolved.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
healthcare systems and ensuring patients’ needs are met.Nurse Advocacy: Nurses advocate for patient rights, access to care, and policy changes that affect the healthcare system. For instance, nurses may advocate for
better staffing ratios, improved patient safety protocols, or policies that address health disparities in underserved communities.Healthcare Reform: Nurses actively participate in efforts to reform healthcare systems.
This includes advocating for universal healthcare, expanded insurance coverage, and policies that improve health outcomes, such as mental health parity and access to preventive care.End-of-Life Care and Palliative
NursingPalliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for patients facing serious illness or end-of-life challenges. Nurses in palliative and hospice care play an essential role in providing physical, emotional,
and spiritual support for patients and their families.Symptom Management: Nurses in palliative care work closely with patients to manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and shortness of breath. They often
collaborate with physicians, social workers, and chaplains to provide holistic care.Advance Directives and Ethical Considerations: Nurses help patients and families navigate decisions about end-of-life care, including
advance directives, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders, and other ethical considerations related to life-sustaining treatment.________________________________________Information Technology (Continued)Digital
Transformation and IT IntegrationAs businesses continue to adapt to the digital age, integrating IT systems and technologies is critical to ensuring efficient operations and staying competitive.Enterprise Integration:
Many businesses now employ enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to integrate key functions like finance, HR, supply chain management, and customer relations. ERPs help ensure smooth data flow across
departments and increase operational efficiency.System Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different IT systems to communicate and exchange data seamlessly. In industries like healthcare,
, financial services, and government, system interoperability is
6. Which statement describes the purpose of the evaluation phase of the nursing process?
a. To document the nursing care plan in the progress notes of the health record
b. To determine if interventions have been effective in meeting patient outcomes
c. To decide whether the patient‘s health problems have been completely resolved
d. To establish if the patient agrees that the nursing care provided was satisfactory
ANS: B
Evaluation consists of determining whether the desired patient outcomes have been met and
whether the nursing interventions were appropriate. The other responses do not describe the
evaluation phase.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
7. Which statement describes the purpose of the assessment phase of the nursing process?
a. To teach interventions that relieve health problems
b. To use patient data to evaluate patient care outcomes
c. To obtain data to diagnose patient strengths and problems
d. To help the patient identify realistic outcomes for health problems
ANS: C
During the assessment phase, the nurse gathers information about the patient to diagnose
patient strengths and problems. The other responses are examples of the planning,
intervention, and evaluation phases of the nursing process. healthcare systems and ensuring patients’ needs are met.Nurse
Advocacy: Nurses advocate for patient rights, access to care, and policy changes that affect the healthcare system. For instance, nurses may advocate for better staffing ratios, improved
patient safety protocols, or policies that address health disparities in underserved communities.Healthcare Reform: Nurses actively participate in efforts to reform healthcare systems. This
includes advocating for universal healthcare, expanded insurance coverage, and policies that improve health outcomes, such as mental health parity and access to preventive care.End-of-
Life Care and Palliative NursingPalliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for patients facing serious illness or end-of-life challenges. Nurses in palliative and hospice care
play an essential role in providing physical, emotional, and spiritual support for patients and their families.Symptom Management: Nurses in palliative care work closely with patients to
manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and shortness of breath. They often collaborate with physicians, social workers, and chaplains to provide holistic care.Advance Directives and
Ethical Considerations: Nurses help patients and families navigate decisions about end-of-life care, including advance directives, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders, and other ethical
considerations related to life-sustaining treatment.________________________________________Information Technology (Continued)Digital Transformation and IT IntegrationAs
businesses continue to adapt to the digital age, integrating IT systems and technologies is critical to ensuring efficient operations and staying competitive.Enterprise Integration: Many
businesses now employ enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to integrate key functions like finance, HR, supply chain management, and customer relations. ERPs help ensure
smooth data flow across departments and increase operational efficiency.System Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different IT systems to communicate and exchange
data seamlessly. In industries like healthcare, financial services, and government, system interoperability is
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension)
TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
8. When developing the plan of care, which components would the nurse include in the clinical
problem statement?
a. The problem and the suggested patient goals or outcomes
b. The problem, its causes, and the signs and symptoms of the problem
c. The problem with the possible etiology and the planned interventions
d. The problem, its pathophysiology, and the expected outcome
ANS: B
When writing clinical problems or nursing diagnoses, the subjective as well as objective data
to support the problem‘s existence should be included. Goals, outcomes, and interventions are
not included in the problem statement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis
MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
9. Which patient care task would the nurse delegate to experienced assistive personnel (AP)?
10. Interoperability refers to the ability of different IT systems to communicate and exchange data seamlessly. In industries like healthcare, financial services, and government, system interoperability
is critical for improving service delivery, reducing redundancy, and enhancing decision-making.Cybersecurity in the Age of Digital TransformationAs businesses increase their digital presence, the
risk of cyber threats continues to rise. Cybersecurity is a priority for organizations seeking to protect their data, networks, and users from malicious attacks.Data Encryption: Data encryption is a
critical security measure that ensures sensitive information is unreadable by unauthorized individuals. This is especially important when handling personal, financial, or medical data.Zero-Day
Vulnerabilities: These are flaws in software that are unknown to the vendor and thus unpatched, leaving systems vulnerable to cyberattacks. Cybersecurity experts work to identify and mitigate
these vulnerabilities as quickly as possible.Incident Response: When a security breach occurs, an incident response plan is crucial to minimize damage. This includes identifying the threat,
containing the breach, assessing the impact, and communicating with affected stakeholders.The Future of IT with Quantum ComputingQuantum computing is an emerging field with the potential
to revolutionize industries by solving problems too complex for traditional computers to address.Quantum Algorithms: These are algorithms specifically designed to work with quantum computers.
They have the potential to revolutionize areas such as cryptography, material science, and artificial intelligence by performing calculations much faster than classical computers.Quantum
Encryption: One potential application of quantum computing is in creating ultra-secure encryption methods. Quantum encryption leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to create virtually
