Exam (elaborations)
Geol 180 Final Exam With Correct Answers
- Course
- GEOL 180
- Institution
- California State University - Sacramento
Geol 180 Final Exam With Correct Answers
[Show more]
Content preview
Q&AGeol 180 Final Exam With Correct
Answers
Where is water in the solar system? - Answers There is water on
Earth and potentially water on Mars.
What are the four different kinds of dams and which one allows water to
move through it? - Answers
What are the four different kinds of dams and which one allows water to
move through it? - Answers (1) Gravity dams - has an axis that
extends across a valley from one abutment to the other in a straight line, or
very nearly so. The water load is transmitted to the foundation through the
dam itself.
(2) Slab and buttress dams (Roseland Dam, France) - has a cross-section
that is considered thinner than a full gravity dam, but one that is buttressed
by a set of vertical walls aligned at right angles to the dam axis.
(3) Arch dams (Hoover Dam, Arizona) - has a curved axis, its convex face
upstream. The load is transmitted to the rock abutments by the thrusting
action of the arch. All three types of concrete dams must be founded on
rock - the role of subsurface water is thus limited to the groundwater flow
, Q&A
and pressure development that can occur in the abutment rocks and in the
foundations.
(4) Earth and rock fill dams - derive their stability from a massive cross-
section and as a result they can be built at almost any site, on either rock or
soil foundation. Earth dams are permeable to some degree. They allow a
limited flow of water through their cross-section, and they permit the
development of pore pressure within their mass.
Why are we removing dams? (Elwha removal and impacts) - Answers
(1) the removal of two large dams on the Elwha River, Washington
provided a unique opportunity to track sediment movement and track
changes to a river and coastal system during a massive perturbation in the
sediment. We also removed Glines Canyon Dam.
(2) The source-to-link sediment budget indicated that approximately 90% of
the 10.5 Metric tons. of sediment released to the river passed through to
the coastal waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca during the first two years of
this project, causing the sand and gravel river mouth delta to expand by
approximately 3.5million tons.
Know some of the river issues California faces - Answers Dam
removal is expected to improve the health of the Klamath River, the route
that Chinook salmon and endangered coho salmon take from the Pacific
Ocean to their upstream spawning grounds, and from where the young fish
return to the sea.
Be able to detail what the issues are with the Colorado River and the dams
along its flow path - Answers Colorado River Drought Crisis is
, Q&A
forcing tough decisions in the West. How do we balance securing water for
some of the fastest growing cities in the country with preserving water for
farming regions that supply most of the country's winter vegetables? 40
million people rely on it; California holds senior water rights to the river and
is its largest user; the water is allocated on the priority system, which
preserves the flow to California's agricultural districts over urban centers in
central Arizona.The Colorado River Compact was signed in 1922 and
entailed 7 states: Nevada, Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico,
Wyoming, and Utah. California claimed they had seniority to the water
rights, so water cuts would begin with other people then everyone would go
down in concert.
Be able to explain the difference between an urban hydrograph and a pre-
urban hydrograph. - Answers urban hydrograph: flashy flow regime
marked by elevate peak flows and runoff volumes, short flow duration, and
steep climbing and feeling segments (rapid rate of change); precipitation is
not infiltrating due to impervious surfaces, causing peak flows to occur
more frequently while post-event flows (including subsurface replum flows
(and flows between events (baseflows) are reduced.
Pre-urban hydrograph: post-event flows (baseflows and subsurface return
flows) may persist between storm events because infiltrated precipitations
continue to enter channels by subsurface routes.
What are flood plains and how do they form? - Answers floods are
an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of
"flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.
Floods are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering, and public
health.
, Q&A
How is flooding defined and what are the two primary types of flooding? -
Answers (1) flood plain: broad strip of land built up by sediment
deposition on either side of a stream channel > undercutting of valley wall >
widening flood plain.
Two types of floods - Answers (1) upstream floods (small storms
impacts a small area for a small period of time [hours]) and
(2) downstream floods (large storms impact a large area for a larger period
of time [days, weeks, and months])
What happened to the Oroville dam? - Answers On February 7,
heavy flows damaged the spillway of Oroville Dam in Butte County.
However, due to heavy storm runoff into Lake Oroville, dam operators were
forced to continue using the concrete spillway, eventually resulting in the
destruction of the lower half of the chute. *More than 188,000 people in the
Feather River valley were evacuated as officials feared the collapse of the
emergency spillway, which could have sent a 30ft wall of water into the
Feather River Below and flooded communities downstream. *Estimated
cost to repair the Dam was $400 million, actual cost was $1.1 billion*The
dam began to erode the concrete path it was designed to use then it
created an unexpected detour which allowed the water to erode the Dam's
lower portion.
Deep groundwater 5,300 volume trillion cubic meters (14% of freshwater)
Shallow groundwater 4,200 volume trillion cubic meters (11% of
freshwater)
The groundwater profile:
(1) vadose zone (contains air space) (unsaturated zone)
(2) Capillary fringe
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Schoolflix. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
62774 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now