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Updated nsg530 exam 1 advanced pathophysiology with verified answers, grade a - wilkes
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NSG530-Exam 2 Wilkes1. Autoimmunity: reaction of immune response to one's own tissues
2. Tolerance: self-antigens not normally seen by the immune system
3. Most common autoimmune disease: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
4. Type 1 DM, MS, RA: notable autoimmune diseases
5. SLE: chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects many body
systems- more women then men
6. Clinical Manifestations of SLE:
- arthralgias or arthritis
- vasculitis and rash
- renal disease
- hematologic changes, especially anemia
- cardiovascular disease
7. SLE Positive Labs: ANA screen
8. Alloimmunity: Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
9. x3 alloimmunity reactions: transfusion reactions, transplant reactions, fetus
during pregnancy
10. Alloantigens: nonself antigens from members of the same species
11. transfusion reaction: a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood
transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's
blood and the donated blood do not match
12. universal donor: Type O blood
13. universal recipient: type AB blood
14. Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood plasma.: B antibodies
15. Rh blood type: Presence or absence of Rh factor (antigen D) on erythrocytes
determines if blood type is positive or negative
16. Hemolitic disease of the newborn: Rh - mothers, Rh + fetuses
17. Rhogram: antigen D immunoglobulin-
Rh incompatibility (necessary for Rh negative mothers who give birth to an Rh
positive baby; prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn)
18. D antigen expressed on RBC: Rh blood group
19. Transpant rejection: MHCs are a major target
20. Transplant Reaction Classifications: hyperacute, acute, chronic
21. transplant reaction that is immediate and rare- what happens to tissue?:
hyperacute, instant, graft turns white instead of pink
, .
22. transplant reactions- acute and chronic are what type of reactions?: type
IV (4)
23. HTN and diabetes are risk factors for which transplant reactions?: chronic
24. immune deficiency: the loss of the body's ability to respond to antigens and
epitopes
25. primary immunodeficiency: congenital; usually genetic errors
26 secondary immunodeficiency: (acquired) loss of immune functioning as a
result of an illness or treatment
27. Immune Deficiencies: Congenital [Bruton, DiGeorge, SCID] and acquired
[HIV/AIDS]
28. DiGeorge Syndrome: congenital- failure 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches to
develop; T cell deficiency; absent thymus
29. Bare lymphocyte syndrome:
1. Partial or complete deficiency in MHC I or MHC II
2. Patients have an increased susceptibility to viral and opportunistic infections
3. Symptoms: range from none to severe combined
immune deficiency, depending on number of MHC expressed
30. Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies: -most common immune deficiency
-defective B-cell development
31. Hypogammaglobulinemia: an abnormally low concentration of gamma
globulin in the blood and increased risk of infection
32. Agammaglobulinemia: disorder marked by an almost complete lack of
immunoglobulins or antibodies
33. Phagocyte defects: Inadequate numbers or defects in function of phagocytes
34. Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD): defect in NADPH oxidase ’ ‘
susceptibility to infections with catalase + organisms (S. aureus, Aspergillus, etc...)
35. Defects in Innate Immunity: -Defect in capacity to produce immune response
-Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
36. Complement deficiencies: repeated infections of encapsulated pathogens
37. IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin): Mostly *IgG* pooled from donors to give
high levels of protection
Used for: *immunodeficiencies*
, .
38. secondary deficiency examples: pregnancy, burns, emotional trauma, eating
disorders, diabetes, sickle cell
39. Maligancies: virtually all are complicated by immunosuppression
40. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): Immune system disease
caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of
years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that
weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or
pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise
41. HIV affects what cells?: infects and destroys CD4 and Th cells
42. HIV epidemiology: -Blood-borne pathogen
-Heterosexual activity is most common route worldwide
-Women affected by HIV/AIDS more often
43 HIV (Retrovirus) Life Cycle: A retrovirus such as human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) uses reverse transcriptase to copy its RNA into double-stranded DNA.
The DNA then enters the nucleus to recombine in the host genome, where a host
RNA polymerase generates viral mRNA and viral genomic RNA. The viral mRNA
enters the cytoplasm for translation. Viral coat proteins are transported by the
endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane, where virions assemble and bud
out.
44. gp120, CD4: HIV viruses contain protein _______ on their surface that binds
with ________ receptors on host cells to attach & enter the host.
45. Clinical Manifestations HIV (early stage): mild and nonspecific (headache,
fever, fatigue) lasts 1-6 weeks
46. diagnosis of AIDS: Decreased CD4+ T cell numbers (<200/mm3)
47. life expectancy of babies born HIV +: <2 years, disease is more aggressive
in children
48. HIV encephalopathy: Disease of the brain (dementia) caused by infection with
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome).
49. SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency): inherited disorder in which both
T cells and B cells are absent or inactive
50. immunodeficiency: A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to
protect against pathogens is defective or absent.
51. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS): -X-linked recessive; very rare
-Characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia ,and vulnerability to infection
, .
-A genetic defect affects development of T cells, platelets, and Igs
52. ABO blood groups: Genetically determined classes of human blood that are
based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red
blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B,
AB, and O.
53. Alloimmunity: Autoimmunity is a disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of
self-antigens
54. What happens with alloimmunity?: The immune system normally does not
strongly recognize the individual's own antigens. Healthy individuals of all ages may
produce low quantities of antibodies against their own antigens (autoantibodies)
without developing overt autoimmune disease. Therefore the presence of low
quantities of autoantibodies does not necessarily indicate a disease state.
55. autoimmune disease: _____________ occur when the immune system
reacts against self-antigens to such a degree that autoantibodies or autoreactive T
cells damage the individual's tissues.
56 Examples of autoimmune diseases: -Graves' disease
-Type 1 diabetes
-Multiple sclerosis
-Hemolytic anemia
57. glomerulonephritis: Additionally, some streptococcal skin or throat infections
release bacterial antigens into the blood that form circulating immune complexes.
The complexes may deposit in the kidneys and initiate an immune complex-
mediated glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney).
Thus streptococcal antigens (an environmental antigen) may also cause a type III
allergic hypersensitivity (poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
58. Acute Rheumatic Fever: One example of documented infection-related
autoimmunity is acute rheumatic fever. In a small number of individuals with group
A streptococcal sore throat, the M proteins in the bacterial capsule mimic
(antigenic mimicry) normal heart antigens and induce antibodies that also react
with proteins in the heart valve, causing inflammation and damaging the valve.
The joints (migratory polyarthritis), skin (erythema and nodules), and nervous
system (chorea) also can be affected.
Thus acute rheumatic fever is a type II autoimmune hypersensitivity.
59. patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): passageway between the aorta and the
pulmonary artery remains open after birth
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